Abstract: The present invention relates to processes for producing cut metal bodies, comprising the providing of metal bodies, the subsequent applying of metal-containing powders, a thermal treatment for alloy formation and the splitting of the alloyed metal bodies using a process selected from the group: severing, machining with geometrically defined cutting edge and waterjet cutting. The temperature profile in the thermal treatment allows alloy formation to take place at the contact surface between metal body and metal-containing powder, but at the same time leaving unalloyed regions in the interior of the metal body. The present invention further relates to processes in which the splitting of the alloyed metal bodies is followed by a treatment with leaching agent so as to obtain catalytically active metal bodies. The use of the inventive splitting process for producing the cut metal bodies affords particularly active catalysts.

Abstract: A catalytic reactor for industrial-scale hydrogenation processes is described. The catalytic reactor contains a catalytic fixed bed that comprises a support structure and a catalyst. During operation of the reaction in the catalytic reactor, the fixed bed is filled with reaction medium to at least 85% by volume. A very high contact area of the catalyst with the reaction medium is at the same time provided. The support structure is formed from material webs having a thickness of 5 to 25 ?m, with a crosslinking density of at least 3 mm?3 present. The support structure consists of metals selected from elements of groups 8, 6 and 11 of the periodic table of the elements and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing C3-C12 alcohols by catalytically hydrogenating the corresponding aldehydes at a temperature in the range of 50-250° C. and a pressure in the range of 5-150 bar in the presence of a supported activated Raney-type catalyst, characterized in that the support body is a metal foam and the metal is selected from the group consisting of cobalt, nickel and copper and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing 1,4-butanediol (BDO) by hydrogenating 2-butyne-1,4-diol (BYD) or 4-hydroxybutanal (4-HBA) in the presence of a catalyst of the Raney type having a porous foam structure, wherein the macroscopic pores have sizes in the range of 100 to 5000 ?m, and a bulk density of up to 0.8 kg/L.

Abstract: A catalytic reactor for industrial-scale hydrogenation processes is described. The catalytic reactor contains a catalytic fixed bed that comprises a support structure and a catalyst. During operation of the reaction in the catalytic reactor, the fixed bed is filled with reaction medium to at least 85% by volume. A very high contact area of the catalyst with the reaction medium is at the same time provided. The support structure is formed from material webs having a thickness of 5 to 25 ?m, with a crosslinking density of at least 3 mm?3 present. The support structure consists of metals selected from elements of groups 8, 6 and 11 of the periodic table of the elements and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing C3-C12 alcohols by catalytically hydrogenating the corresponding aldehydes at a temperature in the range of 50-250° C. and a pressure in the range of 5-150 bar in the presence of a supported activated Raney-type catalyst, characterized in that the support body is a metal foam and the metal is selected from the group consisting of cobalt, nickel and copper and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: An external rotor pump has an outer rotor with a sliding surface which is arranged on the outer side thereof, and an opposing body in which the outer rotor is mounted rotatably by way of the sliding surface thereof on an inner guide surface of the opposing body and is in mechanical contact with the inner guide surface. An inner rotor which is mounted such that it can be rotated eccentrically with respect to the outer rotor is provided. The sliding surface or the inner guide surface has a surface structure which has a load-bearing region and a non-load-bearing region which is depressed in contrast with the former.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing 1,4-butanediol (BDO) by hydrogenating 2-butyne-1,4-diol (BYD) or 4-hydroxybutanal (4-HBA) in the presence of a catalyst of the Raney type having a porous foam structure, wherein the macroscopic pores have sizes in the range of 100 to 5000 ?m, and a bulk density of up to 0.8 kg/L.

Abstract: An external rotor pump, in particular a hydraulic external rotor pump, has a first component which is configured as an outer rotor with a sliding surface which is arranged on the outer side thereof, and a second component which is configured as an opposing body and in which the outer rotor is mounted rotatably by way of the sliding surface thereof on an inner guide surface of the opposing body and is in mechanical contact with the inner guide surface. An inner rotor which is mounted such that it can be rotated eccentrically with respect to the outer rotor is provided. One of the rotors can be driven, in order to be set into a rotational movement, and the rotors are coupled to one another such that, when the drivable rotor is driven, the other rotor is likewise set into a rotational movement as a result, in order to convey fluid from a suction region to a pressure region of the external rotor pump.

Abstract: Nitro-compounds are hydrogenated with an activated Ni catalyst whose Ni/Al alloy also contained one or more elements from the list of Cu, Ag and Au prior to activation. In combination with the Group IB elements mentioned above, this catalyst can also be doped with other elements via their addition to the Ni/Al alloy prior to activation and/or they can be adsorbed onto the surface of the catalyst either during or after the activation of the alloy. The suitable doping elements for the alloy prior to activation in combination with the group IB elements mentioned above are one or more of the elements from the list of Mg, Ti, Ce, Cr, V, Mo, W, Mn, Re, Fe, Co, Tr, Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt and Bi. The suitable doping elements that may be adsorbed onto the surface of the catalyst that was previously doped in the alloy prior to activation with the group IB elements mentioned above are one or more elements from the list Mg, Ca, Ba, Ti, Ce, V, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Re, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Ni, Cu, Ag, Au and Bi.

Abstract: The catalytic mixture resulting of a metal powder catalyst with a solid material (referred to here as a reaction-aid) that has good filtering properties, does not interfere with the reaction, does not interfere with recycling the catalyst back into the reaction, does not interfere with the refining and recovery of the metal from the catalyst after it is spent, and will not become separated from the catalyst during the preparation of this catalytic mixture, the chemical reaction or the separation of this catalytic mixture from the reaction medium, whereas the ratio of the reaction aid to the catalyst ranges from 0.05 to 20 on a weight basis. A preferred metal powder catalyst is acetylene black supported precious metal. Preferred reaction aids are sibunit powder or activated carbon. The catalytic mixture can be used for the catalytic transformation of compounds, such as the hydrogenation of olefins, or the hydrogenation of nitro compounds.

Abstract: Nitro-compounds are hydrogenated with an activated Ni catalyst that has an average particle size (APS) less than 25 ?m and is doped with one or more elements from the list of Mg, Ce, Ti, V, Nb, Cr, W, Mn, Re, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ir, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au and Bi via its/their addition to the alloy before activation and/or doped with one or more elements from the list of Mg, Ce, Ti, V, Nb, Cr, W, Mn, Re, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Cu, Ag, Au and Bi by their adsorption onto the surface of the activated catalyst.

Abstract: Nitro-compounds are hydrogenated with an activated Ni catalyst that is doped during and/or after activation with one or more elements from the list of Mg, Ca, Ba, Ti, Zr, Ce, Nb, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Re, Fe, Co, Ir, Ni, Cu, Ag, Au, Rh, Ru and Bi whereas the Ni/Al alloy may not, but preferentially can contain prior to activation one or more doping elements from the list of Ti, Ce, V, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Re, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt and Bi. If the Ni/Al alloy contained one or more of the above mentioned suitable alloy doping elements prior to activation, the resulting catalyst can then be doped with one or more of the elements from the list of Mg, Ca, Ba, Ti, Zr, Ce, V, Nb, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Re, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au and Bi by their adsorption onto the surface of the catalyst.

Abstract: Supported, hydrogenating catalyst in powder form containing, as a catalytically active component, a primary precious metal component, a secondary precious metal component and one or more non-precious metal components. It is used for the hydrogenation of nitroaromatics, in particular nitrobenzene and DNT.