Abstract: The invention relates to a substrate holding and locking system for chemical and/or electrolytic surface treatment of a substrate in a process fluid and a corresponding method. The system comprises a first element, a second element, a reduced pressure holding unit and a magnetic locking unit. The first element and the second element are configured to hold the substrate between each other. The reduced pressure holding unit comprises a pump to reduce an interior pressure inside the substrate holding and locking system below atmospheric pressure. The magnetic locking unit is configured to lock the first element and the second element with each other. The magnetic locking unit comprises a magnet control and at least a magnet. The magnet is arranged at one of the first element and the second element. The magnet control is configured to control a magnetic force between the first element and the second element.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine operating with exhaust gas recirculation and including an intake-tube-pressure-guided injection system, has an intake tube with a throttle valve, an exhaust pipe, a return conduit branching off from the exhaust pipe and discharging into the intake tube downstream of the throttle valve, an exhaust gas recirculation valve being disposed in the return conduit and having a valve stroke, an actuator influencing a degree of opening of the conduit for controlling an exhaust gas recirculation rate, and a stroke sensor detecting a degree of opening of the exhaust gas recirculation valve over its valve stroke for establishing an optimal exhaust gas recirculation rate, and taking the degree of opening of the exhaust gas recirculation valve into account in a calculation of an injection time for injection valves.