Abstract: A pixelated X-ray conversion screen includes a metal aperture sheet having a pixel hole filled with a scintillator material, wherein an area of the pixel hole is equal to or less than about 0.25 mm2.

Abstract: A solid-state optical refrigerator for cryogenic cooling of a payload, the solid-state optical refrigerator including a laser cooling crystal including a first material and a dopant material; a thermal link including a second material, the thermal link being bonded to the laser cooling crystal and the thermal link being configured to be thermally linked to the payload to transfer heat conductively from the payload to the laser cooling crystal via the thermal link; and a vacuum chamber housing the laser cooling crystal and the thermal link, the vacuum chamber and thermal link having a combination of shape and coating such that laser and fluorescence light reflected off a wall of the vacuum chamber and laser and fluorescence light propagating within the thermal link are not incident on the payload.

Abstract: Devices/apparatuses are disclosed that include a photoemitting component, a photosensitive component deposited on the photoemitting component, a charge collection component, and a hollow enclosure for housing the photoemitting component, the photosensitive component, the charge collection component, or combinations thereof. Methods for making and using the apparatuses are also disclosed.

Abstract: A radiation detector including a scintillator; a wavelength shifting portion to cause a wavelength shift in photons emitted by the scintillator; and a photodetector optically coupled to the scintillator to receive the wavelength shifted photons.