Abstract: For economical and energy-efficient use of a PV system having upright, in particular bifacial, PV modules and to substantially avoid shading of the PV modules, a supporting structure which is simple to manufacture and install is provided, that has vertical posts, which are connected to one another at intersecting points, and horizontally running cross-members such that rectangular mounting areas are provided for individual PV modules. The posts and cross-members are formed in a material-saving manner by conventional profiles, and dividing the posts into two interconnectable sections substantially facilitates the assembly. An electrical connection is provided such that active surfaces which are arranged one above another can be operated at different electrical operating points and such that electrical lines are formed which are operated separately from one another and are arranged in a horizontally running manner. This minimizes effects of shading of PV modules on the efficiency of the energy conversion.

Abstract: For the economical and energy-efficient use of a PV system having upright, in particular bifacial, PV modules and to substantially avoid shading of the PV modules, a supporting structure which is simple to manufacture and install is provided, that is constructed by vertical posts, which are connected to one another at intersecting points, and horizontally running cross-members such that rectangular mounting areas are provided for the individual PV modules. The posts and cross-members are formed in a material-saving manner by conventional profiles, and a division of the posts into two interconnectable sections substantially facilitates the assembly. An electrical connection is provided such that active surfaces which are arranged one above another can be operated at different electrical operating points and such that electrical lines are formed which are operated separately from one another and are arranged in a horizontally running manner.

Abstract: For the economical and energy-efficient use of a PV system having upright, in particular bifacial, PV modules and to substantially avoid shading of the PV modules, a supporting structure which is simple to manufacture and install is provided, that is constructed by vertical posts, which are connected to one another at intersecting points, and horizontally running cross-members such that rectangular mounting areas are provided for the individual PV modules. The posts and cross-members are formed in a material-saving manner by conventional profiles, and a division of the posts into two interconnectable sections substantially facilitates the assembly. An electrical connection is provided such that active surfaces which are arranged one above another can be operated at different electrical operating points and such that electrical lines are formed which are operated separately from one another and are arranged in a horizontally running manner.

Abstract: For the economical and energy-efficient use of a PV system having upright, in particular bifacial, PV modules and to substantially avoid shading of the PV modules, a supporting structure which is simple to manufacture and install is provided, that is constructed by vertical posts, which are connected to one another at intersecting points, and horizontally running cross-members such that rectangular mounting areas are provided for the individual PV modules. The posts and cross-members are formed in a material-saving manner by conventional profiles, and a division of the posts into two interconnectable sections substantially facilitates the assembly. An electrical connection is provided such that active surfaces which are arranged one above another can be operated at different electrical operating points and such that electrical lines are formed which are operated separately from one another and are arranged in a horizontally running manner.

Abstract: The invention relates to an optical measuring device, more particularly for measuring turbidity in a medium comprising a housing, more particularly of metal, at least one sensor arranged in the housing including at least one radiation source for beaming at least one optical beam into the medium to be investigated, and at least one detector for detecting the scattering or reflections of the beam in the medium, at least one optically transparent element in a housing wall for beam emergence/incidence from/into the housing, at least one vibrator mechanical coupled at least to the optically transparent element, wherein a) the vibrator is arranged between the sensor and the optically transparent element, and b1) the vibrator contains at least one opening or passageway for beam passage and/or b2) the beam is steered between and through parts of the vibrator(s) into/out of the housing. This achieves a compact optical measuring device for reliable measurement even in heavily polluted media.

Abstract: The invention relates to an optical measuring device, more particularly for measuring turbidity in a medium comprising a housing, more particularly of metal, at least one sensor arranged in the housing including at least one radiation source for beaming at least one optical beam into the medium to be investigated, and at least one detector for detecting the scattering or reflections of the beam in the medium, at least one optically transparent element in a housing wall for beam emergence/incidence from/into the housing, at least one vibrator mechanical coupled at least to the optically transparent element, wherein a) the vibrator is arranged between the sensor and the optically transparent element, and b1) the vibrator contains at least one opening or passageway for beam passage and/or b2) the beam is steered between and through parts of the vibrator(s) into/out of the housing. This achieves a compact optical measuring device for reliable measurement even in heavily polluted media.

Abstract: An apparatus for performing scattered radiation measurements in fluids comprising a sender (1)-for example a light source-to directly emit radiation into the fluid (5), a detector (2) to measure scattered radiation in the fluid, at least one separator (4) that is provided between the fluid and the sender and between the fluid and the detector, and that allows radiation to pass through it, wherein, at least one optical deflection element (8, 9) is provided between the sender and the separator and/or between the detector and the separator, in order to deflect the emitted beam/the scattered beam toward the perpendicular onto the separator. This scattered radiation measuring apparatus is characterized by having a very compact design.