Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus and a method for characterizing a microlithographic mask. According to one aspect, an apparatus according to the invention comprises at least one light source which emits coherent light, an illumination optical unit which produces a diffraction-limited light spot on the mask from the coherent light of the at least one light source, a scanning device, by use of which it is possible to implement a scanning movement of the diffraction-limited light spot relative to the mask, a sensor unit, and an evaluation unit for evaluating the light that is incident on the sensor unit and has come from the mask, an output coupling element for coupling out a portion of the coherent light emitted by the at least one light source, and an intensity sensor for capturing the intensity of this output coupled portion.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus and a method for characterizing a microlithographic mask. According to one aspect, an apparatus according to the invention comprises at least one light source which emits coherent light, an illumination optical unit which produces a diffraction-limited light spot on the mask from the coherent light of the at least one light source, a scanning device, by use of which it is possible to implement a scanning movement of the diffraction-limited light spot relative to the mask, a sensor unit, and an evaluation unit for evaluating the light that is incident on the sensor unit and has come from the mask, an output coupling element for coupling out a portion of the coherent light emitted by the at least one light source, and an intensity sensor for capturing the intensity of this output coupled portion.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for detecting an unsealed location in a heat recovery system of an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle. The heat recovery system has at least one working medium, in particular a combustible working medium, and a working medium circuit with at least one evaporator, a pump, and at least one expansion machine to allow an early and reliable detection of leakages in the evaporator.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for detecting an unsealed location in a heat recovery system of an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle. The heat recovery system has at least one working medium, in particular a combustible working medium, and a working medium circuit with at least one evaporator, a pump, and at least one expansion machine to allow an early and reliable detection of leakages in the evaporator.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for checking the efficacy of an exhaust gas after-treatment device (9), especially of a catalyst, for an internal combustion engine, exhaust gas generated by a donor internal combustion engine (2) flowing through the exhaust gas after-treatment device (9) to be checked. In order to allow the efficacy of an exhaust gas after-treatment device (9) to be checked with a high degree of flexibility and in a simple manner, a partial quantity is withdrawn from the exhaust gas flow of the donor internal combustion engine (2) and is fed to a defined partial inlet cross-section (22) of the exhaust gas after-treatment device (9) to be checked.

Abstract: A method for detecting a leaking point in a heat recovery system of an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle, wherein the heat recovery system includes a combustible working medium and a working medium circuit with an evaporator, a pump and an expansion machine. The recirculated exhaust gas of the engine flows through or around the evaporator which is arranged in an exhaust-gas return line. At least one oxidation catalytic converter is arranged in an exhaust gas line of the engine. A first temperature sensor is arranged in the exhaust gas line upstream and a second exhaust gas temperature sensor is arranged downstream of the oxidation catalytic converter. Temperatures of the exhaust gas are measured with these temperature sensors during operation of the engine in the exhaust gas line upstream and downstream of the oxidation catalytic converter.

Abstract: Temperatures of exhaust gas upstream and downstream of an oxidation catalytic converter in an exhaust gas line of an internal combustion engine are measured and the differences analyzed to detect a leakage in the EGR evaporator.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for checking the efficacy of an exhaust gas after-treatment device (9), especially of a caatlyst, for an internal combustion engine, exhaust gas generated by a donor internal combustion engine (2) flowing through the exhaust gas after-treatment device (9) to be checked. In order to allow the efficacy of an exhaust gas after-treatment device (9) to be checked with a high degree of flexibility and in a simple manner, a partial quantity is withdrawn from the exhaust gas flow of the donor internal combustion engine (2) and is fed to a defined partial inlet cross-section (22) of the exhaust gas after-treatment device (9) to be checked.

Abstract: For the transmission of signals triggered by long key depressions from a transmitter to a receiver, repeat signals (R) are transmitted while the key is held down. Releasing the key triggers a separate shift signal (S).A burst-pause modulation method is used to transmit the repeat and shift signals (R) and (S).Information units are defined here by different lengths of the burst intervals. The burst intervals and the burst packets are selected in such a way that infrared transmitters with a limited power supply can be used.

Abstract: An operation system for electrical consumers (19) has an operating device with a transmitter and control devices with receivers (16). The control devices have an evaluation unit (17) and a control unit (18) which is driven by the evaluation unit and controls the electrical consumers (19). The evaluation unit (17) distinguishes between control signals and scenario commands. When specific scenario commands are received, the state of the control unit (18) and hence the state of the electrical consumer (19) can be stored and re-established. A separate converter which evaluates the signals received from the transmitter and forwards them to the control devices can preferably also be used.