Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method of forming a desired nitrogen-containing compound, comprising: flowing a nitrogen source into an electrochemical cell, comprising: an anode, a cathode, and a catalyst material; reacting, at the anode, the nitrogen source in the presence of the catalyst material and a voltage; and forming, at the anode, the desired nitrogen-containing compound. Also disclosed herein is a method of forming a nitrogen-containing compound, comprising: providing an electrochemical cell, comprising: an anode, a cathode, and a catalyst material; obtaining nitrogen from a nitrogen source external to the electrochemical cell; flowing at least a portion of the nitrogen into the electrochemical cell; applying a voltage between the anode and the cathode; reacting, at the anode, the at least a portion of the nitrogen in the presence of the catalyst material; and forming, at the anode, the desired nitrogen-containing compound.

Abstract: An electronic circuit to increase voltages from one or more energy sources. The electronic circuit can include a first set of capacitors and a second set of capacitors, and a first set of switches associated with the first set of capacitors and a second set of switches associated with the second set of capacitors. Also included is at least one energy source and an external load. The first and second set of capacitors, first and second set of switches, the at least one energy source, and the external load are arranged and connected such that the first set of capacitors is connected to the at least one energy source in parallel while the second set of capacitors is connected to the external load in series, and vice versa.