Abstract: Near field communication (NFC) is used for banking, access control or identification. The NFC-chip contains data verifying the identity of the holder, which is read by an NFC-chip reader. NFC-chip readers are now often online or stand-alone terminals, which may be trusted or untrusted. Trusted terminals may require a communication link to a certificate server. Untrusted terminals require a link to a server that performs the authentication steps and may require a link to a certificate server. A disadvantage of conventional NFC-chips and readers is that it can be challenging to position NFC-chip readers at remote or other arbitrary locations. A solution is found in a method for communication with an NFC-chip of a user identification document, by which a terminal obtains protected data from the NFC-chip, including the step of verifying the integrity of the protected data; and a server verifies genuineness of the NFC-chip communicating via the terminal.

Abstract: An electronic voting process sends votes that have been entered via a general purpose user interface such as the keyboard of a PC to a vote collecting system. To prevent viruses between the interface and the vote collecting system from entering fraudulent votes, individualized ballot forms are used. Each for a different voter and each containing entries for respective ones of the options that can be made in the vote. Entries for different options within each one of the forms contain mutually different identifiers, identifiers in entries for equal options in different ones of the forms containing mutually different identifiers. Each ballot forms is sent to the voter for which it was individually generated. The voter enters the identifiers for his or her option and a voting system compares the identifier with the information about the identifiers for the identified voter stored in the vote collecting system.