Abstract: An end-user rendering system including an advertisement database to receive advertisements, and store the advertisements therein, a state database to store information, a decision model optimization module to receive a tree-type decision model and optimize the tree-type decision model based on at least some of the information stored in the state database, an advertisement decision module to evaluate the optimized tree-type decision model and select an advertising campaign, the selected advertising campaign having at least one advertisement, and a rendering module to render the at least one advertisement of the selected advertising campaign. Related apparatus and methods are also described.

Abstract: An end-user rendering system including an advertisement database to receive advertisements, and store the advertisements therein, a state database to store information, a decision model optimization module to receive a tree-type decision model and optimize the tree-type decision model based on at least some of the information stored in the state database, an advertisement decision module to evaluate the optimized tree-type decision model and select an advertising campaign, the selected advertising campaign having at least one advertisement, and a rendering module to render the at least one advertisement of the selected advertising campaign. Related apparatus and methods are also described.

Abstract: A telecommunications call routing device provides call routing based on digits received at the device from an exchange. The routing device has the facility to route by one of a plurality of networks, including both private networks and public networks, and to force calls to be placed over a private network if a route is available. Early reconnection of calls is also possible by monitoring call progress tones, measuring the pauses between dialed digits and reconnecting the exchange to a network or PBX as soon as the routing decision is made.