Abstract: A method for determining a depth of discharge of an electrochemical cell includes (i)) providing one or more alkaline electrochemical cells comprising Ag2O—Zn; (ii) applying a varying voltage potential to the one or more alkaline electrochemical cells, (iii) measuring an output current response of the one or more alkaline electrochemical cells, the output current response comprising a phase response as a function of frequency; and (iv) determining a depth of discharge of the one or more alkaline electrochemical cells based on a linear relationship of the depth of discharge with the phase response.

Abstract: A state of health of a battery may be determined based on a voltage of the battery and a rate of voltage change of the battery. A first voltage of a battery may be measured, and it may be determined that the first voltage is equal to or greater than a voltage threshold level. In response, a second voltage of the battery may be measured at a conclusion of a predetermined time period. Such predetermined time period may begin when the first voltage is measured. The rate of voltage change may be determined based on the first voltage, the second voltage, and the predetermined time period.