Abstract: The invention relates to a method for heating flowable molten glass in a feed channel which is enclosed by lateral walls and a cover and into which a plurality of fuel lances and oxidizing agent lances that are mutually spaced in the flow direction of the molten glass open above the molten glass, fuel or an oxidizing agent being supplied through said lances and being brought into reaction with each other in the feed channel. The invention is characterized in that in order to combust the fuel with the oxidizing agent, a flame is produced in front of the opening of each fuel lance, said flame being designed such that adjacent or opposite flames do not contact one another.

Abstract: In a thermochemical method, a syngas comprising oxygen is combusted in a furnace, thereby producing a hot exhaust gas. The exhaust gas is subsequently discharged into the surroundings while the inner energy of the exhaust gas is at least partly used to carry out a reformation reaction. For this purpose, steam together with a hydrocarbon-containing fuel and an oxygen-containing gas are supplied to a reformer and converted into syngas in an endothermic reaction using inner energy of the exhaust gas. The heat of the exhaust gas is used in particular to evaporate water and supply same to the reformer in a superheated state. The syngas is then supplied to the furnace as fuel. The invention prevents undesired constituents of the furnace atmosphere, in particular sulfur compounds, from being supplied to the reformer.

Abstract: Provided is a system for enhancing combustion in a kiln, including a kiln combustion chamber disposed within the kiln, the kiln combustion chamber having an atmosphere therein; a main burner for heating the atmosphere; a calciner assembly for providing a substance to be heated into the kiln combustion chamber; a precalciner including a precalciner combustion chamber disposed within the precalciner for receiving a biomass fuel for combustion in the precalciner combustion chamber, the precalciner combustion chamber in communication with the kiln combustion chamber; and a precalciner oxygen injector in fluid communication with the precalciner combustion chamber for providing a first oxygen stream into the biomass fuel for the combustion. A related apparatus and method for enhancing combustion with oxygen and biomass fuel are also provided.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing protective layers containing silicides and/or oxidized silicides on a substrate, in which silicide or a precursor thereof is applied to the substrate and the coated substrate is subjected to a temperature treatment above 250° C. without further processing. The layers obtained have a thickness in the nano-range and can simultaneously have various characteristic features, i.e. they are multifunctional. The following characteristic features were found for these nanolayers: scratch resistance, abrasion resistance, corrosion resistance and temperature resistance up to 1500° C., depending in each case on the substrate and the silicide(oxide) used for the coating.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the photoelectrochemical production of hydrogen and oxygen and for the simultaneously or separately conducted photoelectrical/photovoltaic production of electricity, characterized in that water is brought into contact with silicides, while applying light at the same time, or the contact with water can be foregone if electricity is produced exclusively. The invention enables the production of hydrogen and oxygen in a simple way directly from water, wherein the use of UV light and cost-intensive catalysts can be foregone.

Abstract: In a process for photochemical and thermochemical generation of hydrogen and/or oxygen, water is contacted with at least one Si-containing compound selected from silicides, silicide-like compositions, and oxides of the silicides and silicide-like compositions. The Si-containing compound is selected from metallosilicides and non-metallic silicides of the formula RSixOy wherein R represents an organic, metallic, organometallic, biochemically derived and/or inorganic residue, wherein Si is silicon. The compound is preferably a silicide moiety with X>zero.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the photoelectrochemical production of hydrogen and oxygen and for the simultaneously or separately conducted photoelectrical/photovoltaic production of electricity, characterized in that water is brought into contact with silicides, while applying light at the same time, or the contact with water can be foregone if electricity is produced exclusively. The invention enables the production of hydrogen and oxygen in a simple way directly from water, wherein the use of UV light and cost-intensive catalysts can be foregone.

Abstract: In a process for photochemical and thermochemical generation of hydrogen and/or oxygen, water is contacted with at least one Si-containing compound selected from silicides, silicide-like compositions, and oxides of the silicides and silicide-like compositions. The Si-containing compound is selected from metallosilicides and non-metallic suicides of the formula RSixOy wherein R represents an organic, metallic, organometallic, biochemically derived and/or inorganic residue, wherein Si is silicon. The compound is preferably a silicide moiety with X>zero.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for carrying out photochemical and thermochemical solar syntheses by means of flat-bed solar light collectors without devices for focusing the sunlight. The method is particularly well suited for producing flavors, aromas and complex thereof. The flat-bed solar light collector is suitable especially for producing steroids and derivatives thereof. It can further be used for the photooxidation (photooxygenation) of terpene olefins and therefore for the synthesis of fragrants such as rose oxide, myrtenol and myrtenal which are of industrial interest. The solar collector is also suitable for photochemical addition reactions and rearrangements.

Abstract: Disclosed are new 1,3-dioxenones having the formulae ##STR1## in an optically pure state, a process for preparing same and the use thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed are new 1,3-dioxenones having the formulae ##STR1## in an optically pure state, a process for preparing same and the use thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed are new 1,3-dioxenones having the formulae ##STR1## in an optically pure state, a process for preparing same and the use thereof.

Abstract: New bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-ones of the formulae Ia and Ib in the form of pure enantiomers and processes for preparing them are described. The compounds are used for the preparation of pure enantiomers of the formula V by sensitized photoreaction or of pure enantiomers of the formula VI by unsensitized photoreaction.

Abstract: New bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-ones of the formula Ia and Ib in the form of pure enantiomers and processes for preparing them are described. The compounds are used for the preparation of pure enantiomers of the formula V by sensitized photoreaction or of compounds of the formula VI by unsensitized photoreaction.

Abstract: New bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-ones of the formulae Ia and Ib in the form of pure enantiomers and processes for preparing them are described. The compounds are used for the preparation of pure enantiomers of the formula V by sensitized photoreaction or of compounds of the formula VI by unsensitized photoreaction.