Abstract: A filter element has a first follower element with a first traction surface and a second follower element with a second traction surface provided for interacting with first and second mating surfaces of the filter housing, respectively. The first and second traction surfaces interact with the first and second mating surfaces to pull out the filter element from the filter housing. The first and second traction surfaces are spaced apart from each other along a longitudinal axis of the filter element and project radially into the interior of the filter element. At least one of the first and second follower elements has a stop surface adjoining circumferentially the respective traction surface. In a position of use, the stop surface interacts with a counter stop surface of the filter housing to form an at least unidirectional rotational degree of freedom blocking about the longitudinal axis relative to the filter housing.

Abstract: At least one fiber-optic sensor unit measures a mechanical variable which affects a rail having a certain length and a neutral axis that extends along said length of the rail. The at least one fiber-optic sensor unit is disposed at an angle of 30° to 60°, in particular 45°, relative to the neutral axis or at an angle of ?30° to ?60°, in particular ?45°, relative to the neutral axis. The at least one fiber-optic sensor unit is irradiated with primary light in order to generate a signaling light in a reflection mode or transmission mode. The intensity of the signaling light is sensed. The signaling light is evaluated.

Abstract: At least one fiber-optic sensor unit measures a mechanical variable which affects a rail having a certain length and a neutral axis that extends along said length of the rail. The at least one fiber-optic sensor unit is disposed at an angle of 30° to 60°, in particular 45°, relative to the neutral axis or at an angle of ?30° to ?60°, in particular ?45°, relative to the neutral axis. The at least one fiber-optic sensor unit is irradiated with primary light in order to generate a signaling light in a reflection mode or transmission mode. The intensity of the signaling light is sensed. The signaling light is evaluated.

Abstract: At least one fiber-optic sensor unit measures a mechanical variable which affects a rail having a certain length and a neutral axis that extends along said length of the rail. The at least one fiber-optic sensor unit is disposed at an angle of 30° to 60°, in particular 45°, relative to the neutral axis or at an angle of ?30° to ?60°, in particular ?45°, relative to the neutral axis. The at least one fiber-optic sensor unit is irradiated with primary light in order to generate a signaling light in a reflection mode or transmission mode. The intensity of the signaling light is sensed. The signaling light is evaluated.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the time-correct data transfer between cyclic tasks in a distributed real-time system, which real-time system comprises a real-time communication system and a multiplicity of computer nodes, wherein a local real-time clock in each computer node is synchronised with the global time, wherein all periodic trigger signals zib for the start of a new cycle i are derived in each computer node simultaneously from the advance of the global time, wherein these periodic trigger signals start the tasks, and wherein a task reads the output data of the other tasks from local input memory areas, to which the real-time communication system writes, and wherein a task writes the result data of the current cycle to a local output memory area, which is associated with the communications system, at an a priori determined individual production instant zif before the end of a cycle, and wherein the schedules for the time-controlled communication system are configured such that the result data o

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the integration of calculations having a variable running time into a distributed, time-controlled, real-time computer architecture, which real-time computer architecture consists of a plurality of computer nodes, wherein a global time having known precision is available to the computer nodes, wherein at least a portion of the computer nodes is equipped with sensor systems, in particular different sensor systems for observing the environment, and wherein the computer nodes exchange messages via a communication system, wherein at the start of each cyclical frame Fi having the duration d, the computer nodes acquire raw input data by means of a sensor system, wherein the start times of frame Fi are deduced from the progress of the global time, and wherein the pre-processing of the raw input data is carried out by means of algorithms, the running times of which depend upon the input data, and wherein the value of the ageing index AI=0 is assigned to a pre-processing result wh

Abstract: A method for establishing communication schedules for a distributed real-time computer system comprising nodal computers, wherein: a) a grid (RAS) is created, which contains all of the parameters necessary to enable basic communication between nodes (KR1 . . . KR5) of a cluster (CLU); b) nodal communication schedules (KPG; KP1, KP2) for all nodes planned to be used as invariant components (KR2; KR2, KR3) are derived from the grid (RAS) and all parameters of the grid are copied and node-specific parameters are added; and c) cluster communication schedules (CP1, CP2; CL1, CL2) are derived from the nodal communication schedules (KPG; KP1, KP2), which contain, in addition to all parameters of the grid and the node-specific parameters of the invariant components, those parameters which are relevant to the remaining nodes of the cluster.

Abstract: A method of regulating the oil level in a section of an oil sump of a splash-lubricated transmission that has at least first and second oil sump sections that are separated by a baffle plate (2). The oil sprayed from a gearwheel (1), that is immersed in one oil sump section, is specifically deflected into an adjacent oil sump section.