Abstract: A printed circuit board (PCB) circuit assembly is designed utilizing software to create the best performing “total design” by selecting component layout locations, optimizing the circuit routing of the PCB copper (or other metallic) traces, and simultaneously optimizing the interconnections between a “standard” die inside an integrated circuit (IC) package and an interposer substrate of the IC package.

Abstract: A reaction chamber (12, 49) is adapted to be coupled to a source of microwave radiation. A pair of opposed field enhancing electrodes (18, 21; 62, 63) concentrate microwave energy so as to form plasma in a localised region between the electrodes. Gas passages are arranged for passing a gaseous medium into and out of the chamber so that the gaseous medium passes through the said localised region of plasma. The electrodes comprise electrically conducting tubes (18, 21; 62, 63) held in electrode holders (17, 19; 53, 54) located in the chamber wall, the electrode tubes being removable and replaceable from outside of the apparatus.

Abstract: A modular corona discharge reactor in which individual reactor chambers are arranged vertically and are grouped in serial pairs.

Abstract: A reaction chamber (12, 49) is adapted to be coupled to a source of microwave radiation. A pair of opposed field enhancing electrodes (18, 21; 62, 63) concentrate microwave energy so as to form plasma in a localised region between the electrodes. Gas passages are arranged for passing a gaseous medium into and out of the chamber so that the gaseous medium passes through the said localised region of plasma. The electrodes comprise electrically conducting tubes (18, 21; 62, 63) held in electrode holders (17, 19; 53, 54) located in the chamber wall, the electrode tubes being removable and replaceable from outside of the apparatus.

Abstract: A reactor (100) for the plasma assisted treatment of effluent gases such as exhaust from internal combustion engines, and effluent gases from industrial processes and incineration. The reactor includes a stage for the plasma-assisted processing of noxious components in the effluent, such as carbonaceous combustion products from internal combustion engines. A diverter valve (119) is provided for bypassing at least that stage should it become blocked, for example by untreated carbonaceous combustion products. In a particular form of the reactor the treatment stages are modular in form.

Abstract: The invention provides for a method and device for determining a gas pressure and temperature in a hollow space, including a fuel/air mix in an internal combustion engine combustion chamber. According to the invention, pressure and temperature are detected by means of a measuring element (5) of an ultrasound transducer/pressure sensor combined unit, said measuring element acting both as a pressure measuring element and an ultrasound transducer element to determine temperature. Therefor, said measuring element can be operated at given moments, on one hand as a pressure measuring element and on the other hand as an ultrasound transducer element or continuously, as a pressure measuring element, and furthermore as an ultra-sound transducer element superimposed with the latter. In that case, it is provided that signals should be conveniently separated for the measuring element output signal. The invention can be used, for instance, to determine air volumes for car internal combustion engines.