Abstract: A system is provided for dynamically detecting and providing an electronic output representative of changes in the position of a fuel injection element in an internal combustion engine. The system includes an electronic circuit having a sensor for sensing a change in a magnetic field external to the circuit, and providing an output representative of the change. Circuit elements are electronically coupled with the output of the sensor for providing an output indicating the presence of the magnetic field change. A nulling circuit is provided for nulling the electronic circuit responsive to the sensor output, to thereby compensate for ambient magnetic fields, temperature and process variations. Exceptionally low current circuit characteristics are achieved in an integrated circuit configuration and geometry having very low junction leakage characteristics.

Abstract: A novel voltage reference regulator is disclosed which operates in a relatively low voltage environment so as to effectively control an electrical potential subject to some relatively large current fluctuations. The voltage reference regulator comprises a voltage amplifier operating in conjunction with a low impedance output circuit so as to counteract the current fluctuations. The voltage amplifier consists of two differential amplifying stages whereas the output circuit comprises a dual transistor Darlington configuration.

Abstract: A Hall effect element is provided with a reduced area while maintaining satisfactory performance. Further, there is provided a Hall effect element with improved long term stability through use of an equipotential plane.