Abstract: One aspect of the invention relates to materials and devices with interface layers with geometries which transform upon the direct or indirect application of load or displacement. The interface layers may transform from straight or flat shapes to wavy or hierarchically wavy morphologies or the waviness can be altered by load or displacement to tailor wavelength and amplitude of the interface geometry. Methods of predictably altering the interfacial morphology are also described. The ability to control material interface transformation can be used to regulate and to tune mechanical, chemical, thermal, swelling, photonic, phononic, electrical and optical functions, including color and reflectivity of the material.

Abstract: One aspect of the invention relates to a method of forming a micro- or nano-pattern on the surface of a composite material. The pattern may be a herringbone pattern with a jog angle of greater than or less than 90° or a graded wrinkled pattern. The micro- or nano-patterns on composite materials produced by the methods may be used to modulate, confer or control thin film material properties; as the basis for thickness measurements; to enhance light extraction in OLED; to enhance light harvest in opto-electronic devices; to tune adhesion properties, wetting, and friction of surfaces; to reduce fluid flow drag; and for anti-fouling purposes.

Abstract: A non-seeded method for making crystalline maltitol is described. The method includes evaporating liquid maltitol to a moisture content of between about 4.5 percent to about 6.0 percent to produce a maltitol feed; cooling said maltitol feed with water at a temperature of between about 10 degrees to about 20 degrees Celsius; and extruding said maltitol feed without using a nozzle. The process is performed without a seeding step. A crystalline maltitol composition having at least 45% by volume maltitol crystals having a size of at least 50 microns made by the method is also described.