Abstract: Methods of attenuating an antigenic response in a mammal to one or more Type 1 diabetes related-antigens are provided. The method may result in delaying the onset of decreased pancreatic beta cell function in the mammal and/or at least delaying a reduction in serum C-peptide levels in the mammal The method comprises sublingually administering an effective amount of an insulin-related peptide to the mammal and commonly makes use of a sublingual formulation of an insulin-related peptide that includes an aqueous pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, e.g., an aqueous carrier which comprises at least about 30 vol. % glycerin.

Abstract: The disclosure provides methods of preventing or treating Type 1 diabetes in a mammalian subject, reducing risk factors associated with Type 1 diabetes, and/or reducing the likelihood or severity of Type 1 diabetes. A method of attenuating an antigenic response in a mammal to at least one Type 1 diabetes related-antigen is also provided. The methods include sublingually administering an effective amount of an insulin-related peptide to a subject.