Abstract: A method of communication between a controlled device and a controller over a 3GPP wireless network performed at a source interface device. The method comprises: splitting (102) an incoming traffic into a first path carrying a native ethernet traffic and a second path carrying an IP, internet protocol, traffic; remapping (106) IP addresses of packets of the IP traffic with an IP address of a destination interface device at a remote end of the 3GPP wireless network; encapsulating (104) the native ethernet traffic into IP traffic with the IP address of the destination interface device at a remote end of the 3GPP wireless network and scheduling (108) IP traffic from said first path and said second path for transmission (110) to the destination interface device via the 3GPP wireless network.

Abstract: A method for monitoring a passive optical network, the passive optical network comprising a plurality of network components, comprises receiving an alert message (200) from a fault detection system associated with the passive optical network, the alert message comprising an indication of one or more candidate locations for a detected fault in the passive optical network. The method further comprises accessing an inventory (202) of the plurality of network components, the inventory storing, for each of the plurality of network components, information comprising the network component location. The method further comprises identifying (204), based on the one or more candidate locations and the network component locations, one or more network components of the plurality of network components as candidates for the cause of the detected fault.

Abstract: Transmitting and receiving apparatuses, transmitting and receiving methods, and a transceiver for a phased array antenna are provided. The transmitting apparatus may comprise a laser light source configured to provide an optical beam comprising one or more spectral components. The transmitting apparatus may comprise a modulator configured to modulate the optical beam with a signal to be transmitted. The transmitting apparatus may comprise one or more group delay controlling units configured to add one or more controllable time delays to the one or more spectral components. Further, the transmitting apparatus may comprise a plurality of waveguides each having a chromatic dispersion configured to guide the optical beam, wherein the laser light source is tunable to control time delays added by the plurality of waveguides.

Abstract: A receiver (1) for a phased array antenna comprises a laser light source (2) arranged to provide an optical spectrum comprising a first spectral component having a first wavelength and a second spectral component having a second wavelength. The first wavelength is spaced from the second wavelength. A wavelength separator (4) is configured to separate the first spectral component from the second spectral component, such that the first spectral component is directed onto a first path (A) and the second spectral component is directed onto a second path (B). A first delay unit (16) is configured to add a controllable time delay to the first spectral component on the first path. A second delay unit (42) is configured to add the time delay to the second spectral component on the second path. A modulator (14) is configured to modulate the first spectral component on the first path with a received RF signal from the phased array antenna.

Abstract: A periodic phase modulation, having a period shorter than a symbol period, is applied as a source modulation, in addition to a symbol modulation, to signals transmitted between a transmitter and a receiver in a communication network. Symbol value elements can be sent from multiple transmitters (203, 303, 603, 703) to a receiver (607, 207) in the same symbol period can be processed on the basis of the source modulation without destructive interference. In some embodiments, the symbol value elements sent by different transmitters can be combined in the receiver. In some embodiments, symbol value elements sent by different transmitters can be distinguished in the receiver.

Abstract: A method for inferring component parameter values for components in a network is disclosed. The components comprise at least one of network nodes or network links and the method comprises identifying a plurality of paths through the network (100), measuring values of a path parameter for identified paths (410), generating a set of constraints by expressing individual measured path parameter values as a function of component parameter values of the components in the path associated with the measured path parameter value (420a), and generating an estimate of the component parameter values by solving an optimisation problem defined by the generated constraints (420b).

Abstract: A method for monitoring a passive optical network, the passive optical network comprising a plurality of network components, comprises receiving an alert message (200) from a fault detection system associated with the passive optical network, the alert message comprising an indication of one or more candidate locations for a detected fault in the passive optical network. The method further comprises accessing an inventory (202) of the plurality of network components, the inventory storing, for each of the plurality of network components, information comprising the network component location. The method further comprises identifying (204), based on the one or more candidate locations and the network component locations, one or more network components of the plurality of network components as candidates for the cause of the detected fault.

Abstract: An opto-electronic oscillator (10) comprising: an optical source (12) to generate an optical carrier signal having a carrier wavelength; an optical phase modulator (14) to apply a sinusoidal phase modulation to the optical carrier signal to generate two first order sidebands having a ? phase difference between them; an optical phase shifter (16) comprising an optical resonator configured to apply a substantially ? phase-shift to one of the first order sidebands at a preselected wavelength within an optical spectrum of said first order sideband; and a photodetector (18) configured to perform optical heterodyne detection of the optical carrier signal with both: said one of the first order sidebands substantially it phase shifted by the optical resonator; and the other of the first order sidebands, to generate an electrical carrier signal (20), and wherein a first part of the electrical carrier signal (20a) is delivered to an electrical output (22) and a second part of the electrical carrier signal (20b) is deli

Abstract: The method comprises analyzing (203) probing packets sent on a plurality of end-to-end paths over links of the network. At least one analyzed probing packet is a timing packet comprising timing information for synchronization. The analyzing comprising analyzing probing packets sent on all of a set of probing paths. The set is selected (201) such that the analyzing provides a determination of a performance of each individual link. The method further comprises determining (204) the performance of individual links.

Abstract: A method of monitoring performance of a network using network tomography comprises obtaining (102) information indicative of topology of the network and computing (104) a plurality of paths for monitoring the network. Further the method comprises instructing (110) source nodes of the computed paths to send probing packets towards destination nodes of the computed paths, wherein said probing packets undergo segment routing in said network and instructing (114) the destination nodes of the computed paths to carry out network performance measurements based on probing packets received by the destination nodes. Finally the method comprises receiving (116) the performance measurements from the destination nodes and inferring (118) information about performance of nodes in the network using network tomography, wherein the inference process includes correlating the performance measurements of the computed paths.

Abstract: A beamforming device for a phased array antenna, comprising: a laser light source (2) arranged to provide an optical spectrum comprising a plurality of spaced wavelengths, and a distribution unit (4) configured to distribute one or more of the plurality of spaced wavelengths onto a plurality of optical paths (6). A wavelength selection device (8) configured to receive the plurality of spaced wavelengths on each of the plurality of optical paths. One or more phase shift unit (12) connected to a said wavelength selection device, wherein the phase shift unit is configured to introduce a phase shift to a received wavelength. The wavelength selection device on each optical path is configured to selectively transmit a wavelength to the phase shift unit. The wavelength selection device is configured to receive the said phase shifted wavelength from the phase shift unit (12).

Abstract: A plurality of sub-cells are defined within a cell area of a radio communication network by the intersection of a radio paths of a plurality of directional radio antennas. The plurality of directional radio antennas are arranged to broadcast radio signals simultaneously, and to receive radio signals simultaneously. This disclosure relates to determining of signal values transmitted by or received from the plurality of directional radio antennas in a radio communication network.

Abstract: Transmitting and receiving apparatuses, transmitting and receiving methods, and a transceiver for a phased array antenna are provided. The transmitting apparatus may comprise a laser light source configured to provide an optical beam comprising one or more spectral components. The transmitting apparatus may comprise a modulator configured to modulate the optical beam with a signal to be transmitted. The transmitting apparatus may comprise one or more group delay controlling units configured to add one or more controllable time delays to the one or more spectral components. Further, the transmitting apparatus may comprise a plurality of waveguides each having a chromatic dispersion configured to guide the optical beam, wherein the laser light source is tunable to control time delays added by the plurality of waveguides.

Abstract: An opto-electronic oscillator (10) comprising: an optical source (12) to generate an optical carrier signal having a carrier wavelength; an optical phase modulator (14) to apply a sinusoidal phase modulation to the optical carrier signal to generate two first order sidebands having a ? phase difference between them; an optical phase shifter (16) comprising an optical resonator configured to apply a substantially ? phase-shift to one of the first order sidebands at a preselected wavelength within an optical spectrum of said first order sideband; and a photodetector (18) configured to perform optical heterodyne detection of the optical carrier signal with both: said one of the first order sidebands substantially it phase shifted by the optical resonator; and the other of the first order sidebands, to generate an electrical carrier signal (20), and wherein a first part of the electrical carrier signal (20a) is delivered to an electrical output (22) and a second part of the electrical carrier signal (20b) is deli

Abstract: A method (50) of selecting a set of probing paths in a network for network tomography. The method comprises generating (52) possible probing paths (P1). The method further comprises determining (53) if the possible probing paths are linearly independent from probing paths already selected for the set of probing paths, in an order of an increasing cost or distance of the possible probing paths. The method further comprises selecting (55) a said possible probing path for the set of probing paths only if the possible probing path is linearly independent from probing paths already selected.

Abstract: Anode for burst switching of traffic flows in an optical network switches bursts of traffic flows in different time slots. Time slots are allocated (96) so that a time gap between successive allocated time slots is selected according to a jitter specification of the traffic flow. A map of the allocations controls a burst switch to pass the bursts in their allocated time slots (86). By making the time gap between allocated time slots for successive bursts selectable, the jitter can be controlled more precisely, or the proportion of time slots filled can be increased resulting in better utilization of available bandwidth. The allocation can be made hop by hop. The map can be generated in a distributed and duplicated manner at each node. The allocation can be updated to adapt to changes bandwidth demands.

Abstract: A transport network (10) is configured to connect a plurality of remote radio units (3) with a plurality of digital units (5) in a radio access network. The transport network comprises an electronic cross-connect (31) common to the plurality of remote radio units and digital units, and a control unit (32) configured to control the electronic cross-connect. The transport network further comprises an optical link (40) between the electronic cross-connect and remote radio units. The electronic cross-connect is a multi-layer switch. The electronic cross-connect is configured to switch data flows between one or more of said plurality of digital units (5) and one or more of said plurality of remote radio units (3).

Abstract: A beamforming device for a phased array antenna, comprising: a laser light source (2) arranged to provide an optical spectrum comprising a plurality of spaced wavelengths, and a distribution unit (4) configured to distribute one or more of the plurality of spaced wavelengths onto a plurality of optical paths (6). A wavelength selection device (8) configured to receive the plurality of spaced wavelengths on each of the plurality of optical paths. One or more phase shift unit (12) connected to a said wavelength selection device, wherein the phase shift unit is configured to introduce a phase shift to a received wavelength. The wavelength selection device on each optical path is configured to selectively transmit a wavelength to the phase shift unit. The wavelength selection device is configured to receive the said phase shifted wavelength from the phase shift unit (12).

Abstract: A periodic phase modulation, having a period shorter than a symbol period, is applied as a source modulation, in addition to a symbol modulation, to signals transmitted between a transmitter and a receiver in a communication network. Symbol value elements can be sent from multiple transmitters (203, 303, 603, 703) to a receiver (607, 207) in the same symbol period can be processed on the basis of the source modulation without destructive interference. In some embodiments, the symbol value elements sent by different transmitters can be combined in the receiver. In some embodiments, symbol value elements sent by different transmitters can be distinguished in the receiver.

Abstract: A feed signal generator (10) for a phased array antenna, comprising: an input (12) to receive an optical spectrum having first and second phase-locked spectral components, respectively having first and second optical frequencies; wavelength selective separator apparatus (14) to separate the optical spectrum into a first optical signal being the first spectral component and a second optical signal being the second spectral component; an optical time delay element (16) to apply a time delay to the first optical signal to form a delayed optical signal; a heterodyning device (20) to heterodyne the delayed optical signal and the second optical signal to generate a feed signal (22) having a power proportional to a product of the amplitudes of the second and delayed optical signals and a phase proportional to the time delay; and optical amplitude control apparatus (18) to set an amplitude of the delayed optical signal such that the product of said amplitudes causes the power of the feed signal to have a preselected