Abstract: An insulated wire including: a linear conductor; and an insulating layer that covers an outer peripheral surface of the conductor, wherein the insulating layer contains, as residual solvents, a first solvent having a relative permittivity of 15 or more and a second solvent having a relative permittivity of less than 15, a first ratio that is a ratio of a content of the second solvent to a total content of the first solvent and the second solvent contained in the insulating layer is 50% by mass or more, and a second ratio that is a ratio of the content of the second solvent to the total content of the first solvent and the second solvent contained in the insulating layer after a heating treatment of heating the insulated wire at 350° C. for 1 minute is higher than the first ratio.

Abstract: A method for evaluating the refractive index homogeneity of an optical member includes passing light through an optical member (1) used for photolithography. The side surface (1a) with respect to the optical axis (AX) of the optical member (1) is retained by elastic members (4) at a plurality of positions disposed at equal intervals to pass light through the optical member (1) and measure a wave front aberration. The optical member is rotated around the optical axis (AX) by the equal interval to measure a wave front aberration again and determine the difference from the initial measurement. The optical member (1) is moved in a direction perpendicular to the optical axis (AX) to measure a wave front aberration again and determined the difference from the initial measurement. The refractive index homogeneity of the optical member can be accurately evaluated from those differences by using fitting of the Zernike cylindrical function.

Abstract: An optical member manufacturing method of the present invention has a growth step of growing an ingot of a fluoride crystal, a plane orientation measurement step of measuring two or more crystal plane orientations of the ingot, a cutout step of cutting out an optical material from the ingot along any one of the crystal plane orientations obtained in the plane orientation measurement step, and a machining step of performing predetermined machining processing on the optical material to obtain an optical member.

Abstract: A method for evaluating the refractive index homogeneity of an optical member includes passing light through an optical member (1) used for photolithography. The side surface (1a) with respect to the optical axis (AX) of the optical member (1) is retained by elastic members (4) at a plurality of positions disposed at equal intervals to pass light through the optical member (1) and measure a wave front aberration. The optical member is rotated around the optical axis (AX) by the equal interval to measure a wave front aberration again and determine the difference from the initial measurement. The optical member (1) is moved in a direction perpendicular to the optical axis (AX) to measure a wave front aberration again and determined the difference from the initial measurement. The refractive index homogeneity of the optical member can be accurately evaluated from those differences by using fitting of the Zernike cylindrical function.

Abstract: A method of evaluating a refractive index homogeneity of an optical member for photolithography, the method comprising: a measurement step of transmitting light having a predetermined wavelength &lgr; through the optical member so as to measure a wavefront aberration; a Zernike fitting step of expanding thus measured wavefront aberration into a polynomial of a Zernike cylindrical function system; a first separating step of separating individual components of the polynomial into a rotationally symmetric element, an odd-symmetric element, and an even-symmetric element; and a second separating step of separating individual components of the polynomial into a plurality of parts according to a degree thereof.

Abstract: An optical member manufacturing method of the present invention has a growth step of growing an ingot of a fluoride crystal, a plane orientation measurement step of measuring two ormore crystal plane orientations of the ingot, a cutout step of cutting out an optical material from the ingot along any one of the crystal plane orientations obtained in the plane orientation measurement step, and a machining step of performing predetermined machining processing on the optical material to obtain an optical member.

Abstract: A method of evaluating a refractive index homogeneity of an optical member for photolithography, the method comprising:

Abstract: A cylinder-type endosseous implant having a collar portion and a main type body portion formed under the collar portion. The implant also has screw threads, wherein the height of said screw threads is 0.2 to 0.4 mm; the pitch of said screw threads is 0.8 to 1.7 mm and the rising angle of said screw threads is determined to be at least 50.degree. and less than 90.degree.. The rising angle is defined to be the angle made by a root surface of the main body portion and the straight line which could be drawn from the top of a screw thread to the bottom of the same screw thread.

Abstract: This invention provides a novel apatite composite ceramic useful for implants such as artificial dental root, artificial bone or the like. The apatite composite ceramic comprises an interconnected structure of fluorapatite phase and an at least partially crystallized biologically active glass phase, which ceramic is obtained by reaction-sintering at a sintering temperature of 700.degree.-1100.degree. C. at a pressure of at least atmospheric pressure a powder mixture of a synthetic hydroxyapatite (A) and a biologically active glass (B) containing fluoride ions and having a crystallization temperature below the sintering temperature in a weight ratio of A/B ranging from 60/40 to 30/70. The reaction-sintered material has excellent biological affinity and high mechanical strength.