Abstract: When charging a battery of a low-voltage system, a battery charging apparatus of the present invention switches on a field-effect transistor and distributes the output of a generator via a diode to the battery. Further, when charging a battery of a high-voltage system, the battery charging apparatus switches off the field-effect transistor and distributes the output of the generator via the diode to the battery. At this time, the field-effect transistor is switched, and chops the output of the generator. Then, by selecting the duty of a clock signal for controlling this switching, the output powers of the generator when charging the high-voltage system and when charging the low-voltage system are made substantially equal, reducing fluctuation in the input torque of the generator.

Abstract: When charging a battery of a low-voltage system, a battery charging apparatus of the present invention switches on a field-effect transistor and distributes the output of a generator via a diode to the battery. Further, when charging a battery of a high-voltage system, the battery charging apparatus switches off the field-effect transistor and distributes the output of the generator via the diode to the battery. At this time, the field-effect transistor is switched, and chops the output of the generator. Then, by selecting the duty of a clock signal for controlling this switching, the output powers of the generator when charging the high-voltage system and when charging the low-voltage system are made substantially equal, reducing fluctuation in the input torque of the generator.

Abstract: The present invention provides a guest-host liquid-crystal composition comprising a host liquid-crystal composition containing one or more dichroic dyes, characterized in that the host liquid-crystal composition comprises as the main component a polycyclic compound having three or more rings and having no cyano group in the direction of the molecular axis, the proportion of the polycyclic compound component having three or more rings in the host liquid-crystal composition being 75% by mole or higher, and that the guest-host liquid-crystal composition has an order parameter (S value) of 0.76 or higher. The invention further provides a liquid-crystal display element employing the composition. This guest-host liquid-crystal composition shows excellent dichroism or a high order parameter.

Abstract: A dichroic azo dye represented by general formula ?I! ##STR1## wherein D.sup.1 and D.sup.2 each represents an optionally substituted phenyl group or an aromatic heterocyclic group; W represents a connecting group comprising a linear polycyclic aromatic group; X represents a group selected from the group consisting of --OCH.sub.2 --, --CH.sub.2 0--, --OOC--, --COO--, --CH.sub.2 NR--, and --NRCH.sub.2 --, where R represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; Z.sup.1 to Z.sup.12 each represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a methyl group, or a methoxy group, or Z.sup.2 and Z.sup.3, Z.sup.5 and Z.sup.6, Z.sup.8 and Z.sup.9, and Z.sup.11 and Z.sup.12 are bonded to each other to form an aliphatic ring, an aromatic ring, or a nitrogen-containing aromatic ring; and m and n each represents a number of 0 to 2. A liquid-crystal composition containing the above dye and a liquid-crystal element employing the composition are also disclosed.

Abstract: A guest host mode liquid crystal composition comprising dichroic dyes and host liquid crystal, wherein said dichroic dyes are at least one member selected from each of the following groups (A), (B) and (C):Group (A) consisting of azo dichroic dyes of the following formula (I): ##STR1## wherein each of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 which are independent of each other, is a hydrogen atom, a C.sub.1-10 alkyl or alkoxy group, a C.sub.2-12 alkoxyalkyl group, a halogen atom, or a cyclohexyl, phenyl, benzyl or cyclohexylmethyl group which may have such an alkyl, alkoxy or alkoxyalkyl group or a halogen atom, as a substituent;Group (B) consisting of azo dichroic dyes of the following formula (II): ##STR2## wherein n is 0 or 1, R.sup.3 is R.sup.1 and each of R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 which are independent of each other, is a hydrogen atom, a C.sub.1-10 alkyl, alkoxy or halogenated alkyl group, a C.sub.2-12 alkoxyalkyl group, a halogen atom, or a benzyl or cyclohexylmethyl group which may be substituted as R.sup.

Abstract: A dichroic azo dye characterized by having a trifluoromethyl-substituted biphenyl framework and being represented by the following general formula, and a guest-host liquid-crystal composition and a liquid-crystal display element each containing the same and having a high order parameter throughout the whole light absorption wavelength range, are provided: ##STR1## (wherein A and B each independently represents an optionally substituted alkyl group, phenyl group or cyclohexyl group; X and X.sup.1 each independently represents a methylene group or a carbonyl group; and R.sub.1 to R.sub.12 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a methyl group or a methoxy group, or R.sub.2 and R.sub.3, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6, R.sub.8 and R.sub.9, and R.sub.11 and R.sub.12 may be bonded to each other to form an aliphatic, aromatic or nitrogenous aromatic ring which is a five-membered or larger-membered ring).

Abstract: Described is a guest host liquid crystal composition comprising as a host liquid crystal a liquid crystal composition containing some of the compounds represented by the formulas (I) to (V) which will be described below; and at least four dichromatic dye compounds.

Abstract: A dichroic dye represented by the formula (I) or (II): ##STR1## wherein the substituents are as described in the specification. The dichroic dyes (I) and (II) exhibit excellent dichroism and can be prepared from 2,2'-ditrifluoromethylbenzidine having no toxicity, such as mutagenicity.

Abstract: A guest-host type liquid crystal composition comprising one or more host liquid crystals and dissolved therein one or more pleochroic dyes having a trans-4-substituted cyclohexyl group, preferably in an amount of 70% by mole or more of said trans-4-substituted cyclohexyl group among 4-substituted cyclohexyl groups, can afford a liquid crystal display device improved in display contrast and good stability due to no photochemical reaction of the liquid crystal composition.

Abstract: A process for preparing a phosphonitrile compound having a substituted hydroxyl group by making use of a phosphonitrile chloride oligomer and an alcohol as the starting materials, which comprises:(1) a first step of reacting said phosphonitrile chloride oligomer with said alcohol in a specific amount ratio of the active chlorine contained in said phosphonitrile chloride oligomer relative to the alcohol in the presence of a specific amount of a tertiary amine at a specific temperature, thereby substituting a specific amount of said active chlorine by a substituted alkoxy group,(2) a second step of elevating the temperature of the reaction mixture obtained in the first step to a specific temperature to cause a condensation reaction through the elimination of R--Cl, and(3) a third step of adding an alcohol in a specific amount ratio relative to said active chlorine which remains at the stage of completion of the second step, to the reaction system, and making said remaining active chlorine react with said alcoho

Abstract: A liquid crystal composition containing azo dyes represented by the formula (I.sub.0) ##STR1## wherein X represents ##STR2## A.sup.1 represents --O-- or --NH--; R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxyalkyl group, an aryloxyalkyl group, a dialkylaminoalkyl group, an arylaminoalkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkoxy group, an alkoxyalkoxy group, an arylalkoxy group, an aryl group, a halogen atom or a group of ##STR3## D.sup.1 and D.sup.2 each represents an aromatic group which does not contain an ionic group;U.sup.1 and U.sup.2 each represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a methyl group, a methoxy group or an ethoxy group;Y.sup.1 represents --O-- or ##STR4## R represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or may be connected to Z.sup.10 to Z.sup.12 to form a ring;Z.sup.4 to Z.sup.12 each represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a hydroxy group, an acylamino group or a cyano group, or Z.sup.4 and Z.sup.5, Z.sup.7 and Z.sup.8, and Z.sup.10 and Z.sup.

Abstract: There is herein, disclosed a dye laser including a container for a dye solution and a pumping energy source coupled thereto, said dye solution containing a perimidone dye formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, a trifluoromethyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an alkoxycarbonylalkyl group, an aralkyl group or a phenyl group; R.sup.2 is an optionally substituted alkoxycarbonyl group, a cyclohexyloxycarbonyl group, tetrahydrofurfuryloxycarbonyl group, an aryloxycarbonyl group, a benzyloxycarbonyl group, an acyl group, a cyano group or an optionally substituted carbamoyl group; R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 which may be the same or different are each a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxyalkyl group, an aralkyl group or an aryl group.

Abstract: A liquid crystal composition comprising a host liquid crystal material and at least one guest novel anthraquine dye dissolved in said host liquid crystal material has a high order parameter, sufficient solubility in the host liquid crystal and high stability.

Abstract: A liquid crystal composition containing azo dyes represented by the formula (I.sub.0) ##STR1## wherein X represents ##STR2## A.sup.1 represents --O-- or --NH--, R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxyalkyl group, an aryloxyalkyl group, a dialkylaminoalkyl group, an arylaminoalkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkoxy group, an alkoxyalkoxy group, an arylalkoxy group, an aryl group, a halogen atom or a group of ##STR3## D.sup.1 and D.sup.2 each represents an aromatic group which does not contain an ionic group; U.sup.1 and U.sup.2 each represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a methyl group, a methoxy group or an ethoxy group;Y.sup.1 represents --O-- or ##STR4## R represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or may be connected to Z.sup.10 to Z.sup.12 to form a ring;Z.sup.4 to Z.sup.12 each represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a hydroxy group, an acylamino group or a cyano group, or Z.sup.4 and Z.sup.5, Z.sup.7 and Z.sup.8, and Z.sup.10 and Z.sup.

Abstract: The description is concerned with a liquid crystal composition of the guest-host type which contains a pleochroic dye dissolved therein. The dye molecule has an end group or end groups in the molecule represented by the general formula: ##STR1## where Ro designates a straight chain of alkyl group, in which methylene group not adjacent to the nitrogen atom may be substituted by oxygen atom or sulfer atom; R1 designates an alkyl group having a chain length different from that of the alkyl group of Ro or a group ##STR2## in R1 a methylene group not adjacent to the nitrogen atom may be substituted by oxygen atom or sulfur atom, and R2 designates hydrogen atom, alkyl group, alkoxy group, cycloalkyl group or dialkylamino group.

Abstract: An anthraquinone dye and a liquid crystal composition containing the dye are disclosed.The liquid crystal composition is preferably used in an electro-optic cell which enables a good color display utilizing the guest-host effect of the liquid crystal.

Abstract: An anthraquinone dye and a liquid crystal composition containing the same are disclosed. The anthraquinone dye shows a cyan color and has excellent order parameter, solubility and stability. The liquid crystal composition is particularly used in an electro-optic cell, which is interposed between two facing electrode plates and permits the realization of good color displays utilizing the guest-host effect of a liquid crystal.

Abstract: This invention relates to a guest-host type liquid crystal composition and a color liquid crystal display device in which said composition has been sealed. This invention provides a liquid crystal composition containing a specific anthraquinone dye as a pleochroic dye which, as the guest dye, has a degree of orderness of the alignment (order parameter) in the host liquid crystal in the range from 0.5 to 1, shows remarkable contrast between the colored state and the uncolored state, and is excellent in stability to light, heat, and the like. Further, this invention provides a color guest-host type liquid crystal display device in which said liquid crystal composition has been sealed.

Abstract: Pleochroic azo dyes represented by the formula (I): ##STR1## wherein X represents group --OCOR.sup.1 or --COOR.sup.1 (wherein R.sup.1 represents an alkyl group, an alkoxyalkyl group, an alkoxyphenyl group, an alkylcyclohexyl group, an alkoxyalkylcyclohexyl group, a cycloalkylcyclohexyl group, an alkoxycyclohexyl group, or a phenyl group substituted by a substituent selected from among an alkyl group containing 3 to 18 carbon atoms, an alkoxyalkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aryl group, a cyano group, a halogen atom, an acyloxy group, a carboxylic acid ester group, and an arylazo group); Y represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxyalkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkoxy group, a nitro group, a cyano group, a carboxylic acid ester group, an acyloxy group, an alkylsulfonyl group, an aryl group, a halogen atom, or group ##STR2## wherein R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 each represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxyalkyl group, or R.sup.2 and R.sup.