Abstract: There is provided a packet transfer device including a memory, and a processor coupled to the memory and the processor configured to detect a first packet of a predetermined size, detect a second packet whose data in a predetermined area matches a specific pattern, the second packet being included in a group of the first packet, and count a number of the second packet.

Abstract: A communication device configured to establish a path for data transmission including a setting circuit configured to receive a request for setting a path, and in the case that the path includes a section where power supply has been turned off so as to suppress data transmission, to set a detour path for bypassing the section using detour routing information corresponding to the section; and a power supply driving circuit configured to turn on power supply as to the section; wherein the setting circuit switches, in the case that data transmission using the section is enabled according to turning on of the power supply, the detour path to a path including the section.

Abstract: An apparatus, through which a plurality of paths pass, includes a receiving port configured to receive packets transmitted through the plurality of paths. When an error is detected in a packet received via the receiving port, the apparatus performs a process of transmitting error information indicating occurrence of an error to respective end nodes terminating the plurality of paths, by using information on the plurality of paths.

Abstract: In a wet-type image forming apparatus, a plurality of patch images are successively transferred to a recording medium corresponding to a plurality of transfer biases obtained as bias value of the transfer bias is changed; density detecting unit measures image density of each of the plurality of patch images on the recording medium and detects a range of bias values of transfer bias in which the image density of patch image is substantially saturated; and the bias value of transfer bias when a normal image is formed on the recording medium is set to be within the range of bias values of transfer bias in which the image density of patch image is substantially saturated and to be not larger than absolute value of the bias value at which the image density of patch image is substantially saturated.

Abstract: A wet-type image forming apparatus includes a density detection unit and a charge amount control unit for controlling the charge amount of toner on a liquid developer carrier. An image forming unit forms patch images while the charge amount control unit successively changes the charge amount of toner on the liquid developer carrier in a state in which a development bias is held at a prescribed value. The density detection unit detects the image density of each patch image thereby detecting a range of the charge amount of toner in which the image density of the patch image is almost saturated. The charge amount of toner in normal image formation is set to be equal to or greater than the range of the charge amount of toner in which the image density of the patch image is almost saturated.

Abstract: A node device for searching for a course between start and end points in a network under constraining conditions includes a holding unit holding the constraining conditions corresponding to node devices and links connecting the node devices and indexes corresponding to the node devices and the links as network topology information; a making unit making combinations of the constraining conditions from which a part of the constraining conditions is removed; a searching unit searching for the course between the start point and the end point under the constraining conditions; a joining unit obtaining a joined result by joining the successfully searched for course to the network topology information; and a presenting unit comparing a piece of the network topology information corresponding to course information of the successfully searched for course with the removed part, extracting a nonconforming portion, and storing the joined result and the extracted nonconforming portion.

Abstract: An intermediate node apparatus in a first path including a start node apparatus, an end node apparatus, intermediate node apparatuses, and links between these node apparatuses, including a failure notification message transmission unit transmitting a failure notification message to the start node apparatus, when it is detected that a level of deterioration in transmission quality of a link among the links included in the first path is equal to or higher than a first threshold, and backup path setting device that receives a path setting message for setting a second path from the start node and sets the second path.

Abstract: A wet-type image forming apparatus includes a density detection unit and a charge amount control unit for controlling the charge amount of toner on a liquid developer carrier. An image forming unit forms patch images while the charge amount control unit successively changes the charge amount of toner on the liquid developer carrier in a state in which a development bias is held at a prescribed value. The density detection unit detects the image density of each patch image thereby detecting a range of the charge amount of toner in which the image density of the patch image is almost saturated. The charge amount of toner in normal image formation is set to be equal to or greater than the range of the charge amount of toner in which the image density of the patch image is almost saturated.

Abstract: In a wet-type image forming apparatus, a plurality of patch images are successively transferred to a recording medium corresponding to a plurality of transfer biases obtained as bias value of the transfer bias is changed; density detecting unit measures image density of each of the plurality of patch images on the recording medium and detects a range of bias values of transfer bias in which the image density of patch image is substantially saturated; and the bias value of transfer bias when a normal image is formed on the recording medium is set to be within the range of bias values of transfer bias in which the image density of patch image is substantially saturated and to be not larger than absolute value of the bias value at which the image density of patch image is substantially saturated.

Abstract: A communication device configured to establish a path for data transmission including a setting circuit configured to receive a request for setting a path, and in the case that the path includes a section where power supply has been turned off so as to suppress data transmission, to set a detour path for bypassing the section using detour routing information corresponding to the section; and a power supply driving circuit configured to turn on power supply as to the section; wherein the setting circuit switches, in the case that data transmission using the section is enabled according to turning on of the power supply, the detour path to a path including the section.

Abstract: A node device for searching for a course between start and end points in a network under constraining conditions includes a holding unit holding the constraining conditions corresponding to node devices and links connecting the node devices and indexes corresponding to the node devices and the links as network topology information; a making unit making combinations of the constraining conditions from which a part of the constraining conditions is removed; a searching unit searching for the course between the start point and the end point under the constraining conditions; a joining unit obtaining a joined result by joining the successfully searched for course to the network topology information; and a presenting unit comparing a piece of the network topology information corresponding to course information of the successfully searched for course with the removed part, extracting a nonconforming portion, and storing the joined result and the extracted nonconforming portion.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a section for obtaining a property of a recording material; an adjusting section for adjusting a toner amount of a toner image formed by development depending on the property of the recording material; a charging section for charging the toner image before transfer; and a controlling section for adjusting a charging quantity by the charging section depending on the toner amount, where an appropriate quantity of charge depending on the toner amount is provided to the toner image before transfer to the recording material. Depending on the property of the recording material, an appropriate toner amount is transferred at a high transfer efficiency, and uniformity of a solid concentration is ensured.

Abstract: The purpose is to provide, in a development apparatus using a two-component developer, a compact development apparatus, image forming apparatus and development method that prevents carrier deterioration and that can carry out good image formation over a long time period. In a development apparatus using a developer in which are mixed a toner, a carrier, and opposite polarity particles that are charged to a polarity opposite to the charging polarity of the toner, the surface charge density of the opposite polarity particles should be in the range of 0.5 to 3.0 times the surface charge density of the carrier.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus including a toner charge amount control portion for controlling the toner charge amount based on the property of a recording material; a recording material charging section for charging the surface of the recording material based on the toner charge amount controlled by the aforementioned toner charge amount control portion; and a recording media charge amount control portion for controlling the amount of charge on the surface of a recording material applied by the recording material charging section.

Abstract: An electronic device includes a display having a memory function and a communications capability. Display functions are controlled based on a state of the operation of the device and/or based on a state of received data. Also disclosed is a method of selectively displaying advertising information based on a state of the device where the advertising can be maintained on the display without requiring any power consumption.

Abstract: To provide a cleaning apparatus capable of maintaining high cleaning performance even if surface roughness of an image carrier is increased due to wear and a wet image forming apparatus installing the concerned cleaning apparatus, thereby enabling to form images of a stable quality. The cleaning apparatus for removing liquid developer remaining on the surface of a latent image carrier and an intermediate transfer member, which are an image carrier of the image forming apparatus for forming images with the liquid developer including toner particles and carrier liquid, includes three stages of cleaning sections such as a preliminary cleaning member for making contact with the image carrier and suspending the toner particles adhered to the surface of the image carrier in the carrier liquid, a toner particles removing member for removing the suspended toner particles by electrostatic force, and a carrier liquid removing member for removing the remaining carrier liquid.

Abstract: The purpose is to provide, in a development apparatus using a two-component developer, a compact development apparatus, image forming apparatus and development method that prevents carrier deterioration and that can carry out good image formation over a long time period. In a development apparatus using a developer in which are mixed a toner, a carrier, and opposite polarity particles that are charged to a polarity opposite to the charging polarity of the toner, the surface charge density of the opposite polarity particles should be in the range of 0.5 to 3.0 times the surface charge density of the carrier.

Abstract: A developing unit using a two-component developer intended to provide an image forming apparatus capable of forming a high-quality image for a long period of time. A developing unit using a developer contains toner, carrier and opposite polarity particles having a polarity opposite to the charging polarity of toner includes separation means for separating the toner or opposite polarity particles, and control mechanism for controlling opposite polarity particle separation ratio in response to the image area ratio and the number of prints.

Abstract: An intermediate node apparatus in a first path including a start node apparatus, an end node apparatus, intermediate node apparatuses, and links between these node apparatuses, including a failure notification message transmission unit transmitting a failure notification message to the start node apparatus, when it is detected that a level of deterioration in transmission quality of a link among the links included in the first path is equal to or higher than a first threshold, and backup path setting device that receives a path setting message for setting a second path from the start node and sets the second path.

Abstract: A network relay apparatus receives sub data different from main data by data transmission/reception processing units of a working system and a spare system, and when communication paths of the working system and the spare system are both working normally, makes the sub data flow through the communication path of the spare system. When a failure occurs in the communication path of the working system, the network relay apparatus switches the communication path for the main data to the spare system, and accordingly notifies it to a data relay unit, which is a relay destination of the main data. In the data relay unit, based on a notified content, corresponding relationships of ports in the unit are changed so that the received main data is output from the same output port as before.