Abstract: The invention provides a novel hydrocarbon-containing carboxylic acid, hydrocarbon-containing sulfonic acid, hydrocarbon-containing sulfuric acid ester, or a salt thereof, and a surfactant. Each of them is a compound represented by the following formula (1): CR1R2R4—CR3R5—X-A wherein R1 to R5 are each H or a monovalent substituent; at least one of R1 or R3 is a group represented by the formula: —Y—R6; at least one of R2 or R5 is a group represented by the formula: —X-A or a group represented by the formula: —Y—R6; and As at the respective appearances are the same as or different from each other, and are each —COOM, —SO3M, or —OSO3M.

Abstract: A sulfonic acid or carboxylic acid containing a carbonyl group, or a salt thereof represented by the following formula: R1—C(?O)—(CR22)—(OR3)p—(CR42)q-L-A wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, n, p, q, A and L are as defined herein.

Abstract: A carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid salt containing a plurality of carbonyl groups, and a surfactant represented by the following formula: R1—C(?O)—R2—C(?O)—R3-A wherein R1, R2 and R3 are as defined herein, and A is —COOX or —SO3X, wherein X is H, a metal atom, NR44, imidazolium optionally containing a substituent, pyridinium optionally containing a substituent, or phosphonium optionally containing a substituent, where R4s are each H or an organic group and are the same as or different from each other; and any two of R1, R2, and R3 optionally bind to each other to form a ring.

Abstract: A novel branched fluorine-containing compound represented by formula (1): (Rf—Y?n1L?X-A)n2??(1) wherein L represents a predetermined carbon-containing linker moiety; Rf, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents fluoroalkyl optionally having at least one ether bond; Y, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents a predetermined divalent linking group or a bond; RY, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents hydrogen or an organic group; L represents an (n1+n2)-valent carbon-containing linker moiety having at least one carbon atom; n1 represents a number greater than or equal to 1; n2 represents a number greater than or equal to 1; n1+n2 is a number from 3 to 6; X, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents a divalent linking group or a bond; A, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents —ArSO3M or the like; M, in each occurrence, is the same or different and represents hydrogen, —NR4, or a metal salt; and R represents hydr

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a fluorinated organic compound with a high yield without using carbon tetrachloride in view of the fact that the production of a fluorinated organic compound with a sufficient yield was impossible for a hitherto-known method that uses a fluorinating agent that contains IF5-pyridine-HF alone. Another object of the present invention is to provide a fluorinating reagent that is capable of achieving this object. The present invention provides a composition comprising (1) IF5 and (2) an aprotic solvent (with the proviso that carbon tetrachloride is excluded), wherein the aprotic solvent is contained in an amount within a range of 50 mass ppm to 20 mass %.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing methane fluoride that is useful, for example, as a dry etching gas, the method being more suitable for industrial production. To achieve this object, the present invention provides a method including reacting (A) dimethyl sulfate and (B) at least one fluorocompound in a liquid phase, the fluorocompound (B) being at least one compound selected from the group consisting of hydrogen fluoride and hydrofluoric acid salts, or a metal fluoride, wherein when the fluoride compound (B) includes hydrogen fluoride or a hydrofluoric acid salt, the reaction is carried out without a solvent or using a polar solvent as a solvent, and when the fluoride compound (B) is a metal fluoride, the reaction is carried out using water as a solvent.

Abstract: Object: An object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing, with a high yield, a fluorinated organic compound, the fluorinated organic compound having not been produced with a sufficient yield by a conventional method for producing a fluorinated organic compound using a fluorinating agent containing IF5-pyridine-HF alone. Another object of the present invention is to provide a fluorinating reagent. Means for achieving the object: A method for producing a fluorinated organic compound comprising step A of fluorinating an organic compound by bringing the organic compound into contact with (1) IF5-pyridine-HF and (2) at least one additive selected from the group consisting of amine hydrogen fluorides, XaF (wherein Xa represents hydrogen, potassium, sodium, or lithium), oxidizers, and reducing agents.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing methane fluoride that is useful, for example, as a dry etching gas, the method being more suitable for industrial production. To achieve this object, the present invention provides a method including reacting (A) dimethyl sulfate and (B) at least one fluorocompound in a liquid phase, the fluorocompound (B) being at least one compound selected from the group consisting of hydrogen fluoride and hydrofluoric acid salts, or a metal fluoride, wherein when the fluoride compound (B) includes hydrogen fluoride or a hydrofluoric acid salt, the reaction is carried out without a solvent or using a polar solvent as a solvent, and when the fluoride compound (B) is a metal fluoride, the reaction is carried out using water as a solvent.

Abstract: Object: An object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing, with a high yield, a fluorinated organic compound, the fluorinated organic compound having not been produced with a sufficient yield by a conventional method for producing a fluorinated organic compound using a fluorinating agent containing IF5-pyridine-HF alone. Another object of the present invention is to provide a fluorinating reagent. Means for achieving the object: A method for producing a fluorinated organic compound comprising step A of fluorinating an organic compound by bringing the organic compound into contact with (1) IF5-pyridine-HF and (2) at least one additive selected from the group consisting of amine hydrogen fluorides, XaF (wherein Xa represents hydrogen, potassium, sodium, or lithium), oxidizers, and reducing agents.

Abstract: The hydrorefining method of the invention is characterized by contacting, in the presence of hydrogen, a fuel stock comprising normal paraffins and oxygen-containing compounds, with a hydrorefining catalyst comprising a support containing USY zeolite and at least one solid acid selected from among silica-alumina, alumina-boria, silica-zirconia, silica-magnesia and silica-titania, and at least one metal selected from among metals of Group VIb and metals of Group VIII of the Periodic Table supported on the support.

Abstract: A pigment composition containing an azo pigment represented by the following general formula (1) and a pigment derivative having a hydrophilic group: wherein G represents a hydrogen atom, an aliphatic group, an aryl group, a heterocyclic group, an acyl group, an aliphatic oxycarbonyl group, a carbamoyl group, an aliphatic sulfonyl group, or an arylsulfonyl group, R1 represents an amino group, an aliphatic oxy group, an aliphatic group, an aryl group, or a heterocyclic group, R2 represents a substituent, A represents an aromatic 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic group, m represents an integer of from 0 to 5, and n represents an integer of from 1 to 4, with the general formula (1) not containing any ionic hydrophilic group.

Abstract: Provided are an azo compound represented by the following formula (1), a tautomer thereof, and a salt or hydrate of the azo compound or the tautomer: wherein in the formula (1), A represents a heterocyclic group; G represents a hydrogen atom, an aliphatic group, an aromatic group, or a heterocyclic group; R1 and R2 each independently represent a group represented by the following formula (2) or (3):

Abstract: The invention provides a pigment dispersion composition including an azo pigment represented by formula (1), in which the azo pigment represented by formula (1) does not have an ionic hydrophilic group, an azo pigment derivative and a dispersant. In formula (1), G represents a hydrogen atom, an aliphatic group, an aryl group or a heterocyclic group; R1 represents an amino group, an aliphatic oxy group, an aliphatic group, an aryl group or a heterocyclic group; R2 represents a substituent; A represents a heterocyclic group; m represents an integer of 0 to 5; and n represents an integer of 1 to 4, wherein: when n=2, the azo pigment is a dimer formed via R1, R2, A or G; when n=3, the azo pigment is a a trimer formed via R1, R2, A or G; and when n=4, the azo pigment is a tetramer formed via R1, R2, A or G.

Abstract: To provide a process for producing an azo pigment showing excellent coloring characteristics such as tinctorial strength and hue and showing excellent fastness such as light fastness and ozone fastness, an azo pigment dispersion, a coloring composition, and an ink for inkjet recording.

Abstract: Provided are an azo compound represented by the following formula (1), a tautomer thereof, and a salt or hydrate of the azo compound or the tautomer: wherein in the formula (1), A represents a heterocyclic group; G represents a hydrogen atom, an aliphatic group, an aromatic group, or a heterocyclic group; R1 and R2 each independently represent a group represented by the following formula (2) or (3):

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of producing a liquid fuel enabling production of middle distillate at a high yield from a feed oil containing paraffinic hydrocarbons having 20 to 100 carbon atoms as main components without losing the high cracking activity and also enabling provision of high quality gas oil included in the middle distillate. A feed oil containing paraffinic hydrocarbons having 20 to 100 carbon atoms as main components is subjected to hydrotreating in the present of a prespecified hydrotreating catalyst and under the conditions for hydrotreating including a temperature of 200 to 350° C., a liquid hourly space velocity of 0.1 to 5.0 h?1, and a partial pressure of hydrogen of 0.5 to 8 MPa to obtain an effluent oil, and then the effluent oil is fractionated to obtain middle distillate including a gas oil with a cetane number of 75 or over and a pour point of ?27.5° C. or below at a yield of 55% or over against a total weight of the feed oil.

Abstract: A pigment composition containing an azo pigment represented by the following general formula (1) and a pigment derivative having a hydrophilic group: wherein G represents a hydrogen atom, an aliphatic group, an aryl group, a heterocyclic group, an acyl group, an aliphatic oxycarbonyl group, a carbamoyl group, an aliphatic sulfonyl group, or an arylsulfonyl group, R1 represents an amino group, an aliphatic oxy group, an aliphatic group, an aryl group, or a heterocyclic group, R2 represents a substituent, A represents an aromatic 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic group, m represents an integer of from 0 to 5, and n represents an integer of from 1 to 4, with the general formula (1) not containing any ionic hydrophilic group.

Abstract: To provide a process for producing an azo pigment showing excellent coloring characteristics such as tinctorial strength and hue and showing excellent fastness such as light fastness and ozone fastness, an azo pigment dispersion, a coloring composition, and an ink for inkjet recording. A process for producing, for example, an azo pigment represented by the general formula (9), which includes a step of preparing a solution containing a compound represented by the following general formula (7) and an acid, and a step of bringing the solution incontact with a diazonium salt (8) derived from a heterocyclic amine.

Abstract: The invention provides a pigment dispersion composition including an azo pigment represented by formula (1), in which the azo pigment represented by formula (1) does not have an ionic hydrophilic group, an azo pigment derivative and a dispersant. In formula (1), G represents a hydrogen atom, an aliphatic group, an aryl group or a heterocyclic group; R1 represents an amino group, an aliphatic oxy group, an aliphatic group, an aryl group or a heterocyclic group; R2 represents a substituent; A represents a heterocyclic group; m represents an integer of 0 to 5; and n represents an integer of 1 to 4, wherein: when n=2, the azo pigment is a dimer formed via R1, R2, A or G; when n=3, the azo pigment is a a trimer formed via R1, R2, A or G; and when n=4, the azo pigment is a tetramer formed via R1, R2, A or G.

Abstract: An azo pigment selected from the group consisting of: an azo pigment represented by the following formula (1), which has: a characteristic X-ray diffraction peak at Bragg angles (2?±0.2°) of 6.9°, 21.5°, and 27.3° in CuK? characteristic X-ray diffraction, a peak height at 11.9° of 0.6 or less relative to a peak height at 10.9° or a tautomer thereof, or a salt, hydrate, or solvate of the azo pigment or tautomer thereof; and an azo pigment represented by the following formula (1), which has: a characteristic X-ray diffraction peak at Bragg angles (2?±0.2°) of 6.9°, 25.8°, and 27.1° in CuK? characteristic X-ray diffraction, a peak height at 10.9° of 0.2 or less relative to a peak height at 11.9° or a tautomer thereof, or a salt, hydrate, or solvate of the azo pigment or tautomer thereof.