Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, an undercoat layer disposed on the conductive substrate, having a volume resistivity of 5.0×107 [?m] or more and 5.0×109 [?m] or less, and having a thickness of 20 ?m or more and 40 ?m or less, a charge generation layer disposed on the undercoat layer, and a charge transport layer disposed on the charge generation layer, having a volume resistivity of 1.0×1013 [?m] or more and 5.0×1014 [?m] or less, and having a thickness of 15 ?m or more and 40 ?m or less.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an electrophotographic photoreceptor that includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate, the electrophotographic photoreceptor having an outermost surface layer that contains a binder resin, a charge-transporting material, and a fluorine-containing resin particle, the fluorine-containing resin particle containing 0 or more and 30 or less carboxy groups per 106 carbon atoms, a charging device that charges the electrophotographic photoreceptor, an electrostatic latent image forming device that forms an electrostatic latent image on the electrophotographic photoreceptor that is charged, a developing device that houses a developer containing a toner and that develops, with the developer, the electrostatic latent image formed on the electrophotographic photoreceptor into a toner image, a transfer device that transfers the toner image onto a transfer-receiving medium, and an optical discharging device that, after the toner image i

Abstract: An engine drive torque is distributed to an extra wheel at a predetermined distribution ratio. When the vehicle makes a turn at low speed and when the torque distribution ratio to the extra drive wheel is high, a torsion is produced in the vehicle body, suspension and tires, etc., due to a rotation radius difference between the main and extra drive wheels. After the vehicle has stopped, and the engine is stopped, torque is no longer distributed to the extra drive wheel, the torsion is suddenly released and the vehicle vibrates. According to this invention, the release of torsion is performed gradually by decreasing the torque distribution ratio when the vehicle has stopped, with the engine still running in order to prevent this vibration.

Abstract: The instant invention provides a process for the industrial preparation of cis-hexahydroisoindoline derivatives in high yields and stereoselective manner. The instant invention relates to a process for the preparation of cis-hexahydroisoindoline derivative of formula II ##STR1## wherein R.sup.2 is hydrogen, alkyl, benzyl, acyl or alkoxycarbonyl, by catalytic reduction of isoindoline derivative of formula I ##STR2## wherein R.sup.1 is hydrogen, alkyl, benzyl, acyl or alkoxycarbonyl, wherein the catalytic reduction is carried out in the presence of a ruthenium, a rhodium or a palladium catalyst.

Abstract: A torque distribution control system for an automotive vehicle comprises a friction clutch adapted to distribute an engine power between front and rear road wheels or between left and right road wheels, a sensor provided for monitoring wheel speeds, a control unit being responsive to the wheel speeds for computing a wheel-speed difference and for computing a command signal value indicative of an engagement force to be applied to the friction clutch in response to the wheel-speed difference, and an actuating device for actuating the friction clutch in response to the command signal value. The control unit has a processor for discriminating whether the vehicle is in a specified running state in which it is possible to precisely compute a specific wheel-speed difference, occurring due to a difference in outside diameter of tires.

Abstract: A system for automatically swinging a steering wheel to a withdrawn position to make it easy for the driver to get on and off a vehicle is made more reliable by employing a park position sensor such as a detent switch for producing a park signal only when a shift lever of an automatic transmission is in a park position. A control unit produces an automatic withdraw command signal to drive a motor to withdraw the steering wheel in response to a driver's operation such as an operation to open a driver's door or an operation to turn an ignition key to a lock position. The control unit produces the automatic withdraw command signal only when the shift lever is in the park position.

Abstract: A system for reducing a closed sound generated by propagation of vibrations into a limited space such as a vehicular compartment using at least one microphone and at least one speaker. In the closed sound reducing system, a volatile memory such as a RAM is installed for storing a measured newest value of a vibration propagation transfer function cfm(j) and a non-volatile memory such as a ROM is installed for storing a standard value of the vibration propagation transfer function. When the stored data of the volatile memory is erased, the standard value stored in the non-volatile memory is used in place of the measured newest value stored in the volatile memory.