Abstract: A speed reducer according to one aspect of the present disclosure includes an input rotating body, a speed reducing mechanism unit, and a tubular case. The speed reducer is rotatable when acted upon by power fed from a drive device. The speed reducing mechanism unit reduces a speed of rotation of the input rotating body. The tubular case covers an outer surface of the speed reducing mechanism unit and rotates when acted upon by speed-reduced power from the speed reducing mechanism unit. An output arm is formed integrally with the tubular case, the output arm extending radially outward from an outer peripheral surface of the tubular case and configured to transmit a manipulating force to an outside.

Abstract: A sliding member includes a substrate containing Fe as a main component and an alloy layer overlaid on the substrate and composed of a Cu-base alloy containing 6 to 12% by mass of Ni and 3 to 9% by mass of Sn. The alloy layer has a body layer and an intermediate layer. The body layer is formed of the Cu-base alloy, while the intermediate layer is composed of an alloy containing Ni, Sn, and Cu which are derived from the Cu-base alloy and Fe derived from the substrate. Taking side close to the substrate as a lower region and the other side as an upper region, a ratio of the total area of hard phases to the observation section of the upper region is 1.2 to 3.0, where the ratio of the total area of the hard phases to the observation section of the lower region is set at 1.

Abstract: A speed reducer according to one aspect of the present disclosure includes an input rotating body, a speed reducing mechanism unit, and a tubular case. The speed reducer is rotatable when acted upon by power fed from a drive device. The speed reducing mechanism unit reduces a speed of rotation of the input rotating body. The tubular case covers an outer surface of the speed reducing mechanism unit and rotates when acted upon by speed-reduced power from the speed reducing mechanism unit. An output arm is formed integrally with the tubular case, the output arm extending radially outward from an outer peripheral surface of the tubular case and configured to transmit a manipulating force to an outside.

Abstract: A sliding member includes a base material and an alloy layer that includes Cu as a main component and Bi and having a sliding surface formed on a side opposite to the base material. The alloy layer has a first region and a second region. The first region is set to a region taking up 30% of the thickness of the alloy layer which is from an interface in contact with the base material toward the sliding surface. The second region is set to a region taking up 10% of the thickness of the alloy layer which is from the sliding surface toward the base material. A larger number of Bi phases having larger cross-sectional areas are distributed in an arbitrary observation cross section as Bi phases included in the second region compared to Bi phases included in the first region.

Abstract: A sliding member includes a back-metal layer including an Fe alloy and a sliding layer including a copper alloy including 0.5 to 12 mass % of Sn and the balance of Cu and inevitable impurities. A cross-sectional structure of the sliding layer includes first copper alloy grains in contact with a bonding surface and second copper alloy grains not in contact with the bonding surface. The first and second grains have an average grain size D1 and D2 respectively. D1 is 30 to 80 ?m; and D1/D2=0.1 to 0.3. In the cross-sectional structure, the second grains includes third grains that includes internal grains therein that are not in contact with a grain boundary of the third grains. A total area S1 of the third grains and a total area of the second copper alloy grains S2 satisfy: S0/S2=0.25 to 0.80.

Abstract: A sliding member includes a back-metal layer including an Fe alloy and a sliding layer including a copper alloy including 0.5 to 12 mass % of Sn and the balance of Cu and inevitable impurities. The sliding layer has a cross-sectional structure perpendicular to a sliding surface of the sliding layer. The cross-sectional structure includes first copper alloy grains that are in contact with a bonding surface of the back-metal layer and second copper alloy grains that are not in contact with the bonding surface. The first copper alloy grains has an average grain size D1 and the second copper alloy grains has an average grain size D2. D1 and D2 satisfy the following relations: D1 is 30 to 80 ?m; and D1/D2=0.1 to 0.3.

Abstract: A sliding member includes a back-metal layer including an Fe alloy and a sliding layer including a copper alloy including 0.5 to 12 mass % of Sn and the balance of Cu and inevitable impurities. The sliding layer has a cross-sectional structure perpendicular to a sliding surface of the sliding layer. The cross-sectional structure includes first copper alloy grains that are in contact with a bonding surface of the back-metal layer and second copper alloy grains that are not in contact with the bonding surface. The first copper alloy grains has an average grain size D1 and the second copper alloy grains has an average grain size D2. D1 and D2 satisfy the following relations: D1 is 30 to 80 ?m; and D1/D2=0.1 to 0.3.

Abstract: A sliding member includes a back-metal layer including an Fe alloy and a sliding layer including a copper alloy including 0.5 to 12 mass % of Sn and the balance of Cu and inevitable impurities. A cross-sectional structure of the sliding layer includes first copper alloy grains in contact with a bonding surface and second copper alloy grains not in contact with the bonding surface. The first and second grains have an average grain size D1 and D2 respectively. D1 is 30 to 80 ?m; and D1/D2=0.1 to 0.3. In the cross-sectional structure, the second grains includes third grains that includes internal grains therein that are not in contact with a grain boundary of the third grains. A total area S1 of the third grains and a total area of the second copper alloy grains S2 satisfy: S0/S2=0.25 to 0.80.

Abstract: A novel sparkling laminate film high in bonding strength between a transparent surface substrate and metal vapor deposited layer and not easily peeling even with long term use while maintaining a superior metallic gloss, including a transparent surface substrate, a metal vapor deposited layer comprised of a vapor deposited layer of a Hastelloy alloy and a vapor deposited layer of chromium or chromium alloy, titanium or titanium alloy, or nickel or nickel alloy successively formed on a back surface of the transparent surface substrate, and a backing material integrally laminated with the metal vapor deposited layer through an adhesive layer, and a sparkling shaped article using the same.