Abstract: A compound of the formula (I): a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, where R1 is optionally substituted lower alkyl, Y is —S(O)2—, R2 is hydrogen or optionally substituted lower alkyl, R7 is hydrogen or optionally substituted lower alkyl, X is a group of the formula: where R5 and R6 are each independently hydrogen, a group of the formula: is optionally substituted cycloalkylene, p is 0, and q is 1 or 2, Z is optionally substituted carbocyclyl or optionally substituted heterocyclyl, and provided that a compound wherein Z is fused heterocyclyl consisting of three rings or optionally substituted pyrimidinyl is excluded.

Abstract: This invention provides a compound of the formula (I): a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein R1 is optionally substituted lower alkyl, Y is —S(O)n— wherein n is 1 or 2, or —CO—, R2 is hydrogen or lower alkyl, R7 is hydrogen or lower alkyl, X is lower alkylene, lower alkenylene, arylene, cycloalkylene or the like, and Z is lower alkyl, optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl or the like.

Abstract: The invention describes methods of pulmonary delivery of a TNF? inhibitor to a subject having a disorder in which TNF? is detrimental, such that the disorder is treated. Also included is a method of achieving systemic circulation of a TNF? inhibitor in a subject comprising administering the TNF? inhibitor to the central lung region or the peripheral lung region of the subject via inhalation, such that systemic circulation of the TNF? inhibitor is achieved.

Abstract: Transglutaminase is allowed to act upon both a physiologically active protein (inclusive of a fused protein thereof with a peptide through acid amide bonding) and an amino group donor containing the polyethylene glycol, polysaccharide, polyamino acid or branched type sugar derivative moiety, whereby the physiologically active protein is modified without spoiling its inherent physiological activities, and may be improved in its qualification as a drug.

Abstract: An ultrafine particle powder for inhalation to be delivered mainly to a lower airway, containing specific cellulose lower alkyl ethers and a medicament, at least 80% of the powder having a particle size in the range of 0.5 to 10 .mu.m.