Abstract: A heating device includes a rotating body, a heating source, a rotating body holder, and a lubricant of liquid or semi-solid. The heating source heats the rotating body. The rotating body holder holds both longitudinal ends of the rotating body rotatably. The lubricant of liquid or semi-solid adheres to the rotating body holder. A temperature of the rotating body holder is lower than a generation temperature of fine particles of the lubricant.

Abstract: A heating device includes a rotator, a heater, a rotator holder, lubricant, and a shield. The heater heats the rotator in a heat generation range. The rotator holder holds an end of the rotator in a longitudinal direction of the rotator. The lubricant adheres to the rotator holder. The shield shields heat transferred from the heater. The shield includes a first shield, a second shield, and a heat transfer reducer. The first shield faces the heater and the rotator. The second shield faces the rotator holder. The second shield is outside the heat generation range in the longitudinal direction. The heat transfer reducer is disposed between the first shield and the second shield. The heat transfer reducer reduces the heat transferred from the first shield to the second shield.

Abstract: A heating device includes a rotator that rotates and a heater that is disposed opposite an inner circumferential face of the rotator. The heater heats the rotator. A rotator holder is disposed opposite the inner circumferential face of the rotator. The rotator holder holds a lateral end of the rotator in a longitudinal direction of the rotator. The rotator holder is adhered with a lubricating substance. A heat shield is disposed between the heater and the rotator and between the heater and the rotator holder. The heat shield blocks radiant heat radiated from the heater and is separated from the rotator holder. The heat shield includes a first portion and a second portion that is disposed outboard from the first portion in the longitudinal direction of the rotator. The second portion is separated from the inner circumferential face of the rotator farther than the first portion is.

Abstract: A heating device includes a rotator that rotates and a heater that heats the rotator. A rotator holder holds each lateral end of the rotator in a longitudinal direction of the rotator. The rotator holder is adhered with one of silicone oil and silicone grease, that contains siloxanes that are not smaller than a dodecamer and not greater than a heptadecamer and have a concentration not greater than 1,250 ppm.

Abstract: A heating device includes a rotator, a heater heating the rotator, a rotator holder holding a longitudinal end of the inner peripheral surface of the rotator, and lubricant applied to the rotator holder. The rotator holder includes a holding portion contacting the end of the inner peripheral surface, a flange portion contacting a longitudinal end of the rotator and extending outward in a radial direction of a loop of the rotator, and an inclined surface. The inclined surface is inclined in a direction away from an inner peripheral surface of the rotator from the holding portion toward the flange portion.

Abstract: A heating device includes a rotator, a heating source, a reflector, a rotator holder, and a liquid or semi-solid substance. The rotator is rotatably held. The heating source heats the rotator. The reflector includes a reflection face that reflects radiant heat emitted from the heating source. The reflection face has a reflectance lower at each end portion of the reflection face in a longitudinal direction of the rotator than at a center portion of the reflection face in the longitudinal direction of the rotator. The rotator holder holds a longitudinal end portion of the rotator. The liquid or semi-solid substance has lubricity and adheres to the rotator holder.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a heating device, a recording medium ejector, a recording medium tray, an outer wall having an intake, and a filter. The heating device heats a recording medium having an image on one side of the recording medium. The recording medium ejector ejects the recording medium with the one side facing downward. On the recording medium tray, the recording medium ejected by the recording medium ejector is stacked. The intake is open toward the recording medium tray and is disposed at a position below the recording medium ejector. At the position, a maximum amount of recording media placeable on the recording medium tray does not cover at least a part of the intake. The filter collects foreign substances in air sucked from the intake.

Abstract: A heating device includes a rotator, a heating source, a rotator holder, and a liquid or semi-solid substance. The rotator is rotatably held. The heating source heats the rotator. The rotator holder holds a longitudinal end portion of the rotator. The rotator holder includes a reflector disposed at least at a portion to be irradiated with radiant heat emitted from the heating source to reflect the radiant heat. The reflector has a reflectance of not less than 60%. The liquid or semi-solid substance has lubricity and adheres to the rotator holder.

Abstract: A heating device includes a rotator, a heating source, a reflector, a shield, a rotator holder, and a liquid or semi-solid substance. The rotator is rotatably held. The heating source heats the rotator. The reflector reflects radiant heat emitted from the heating source. The shield is disposed closer to a longitudinal end portion of the rotator than to a longitudinal center portion of the rotator to shield, between the heating source and the rotator, the radiant heat emitted from the heating source. The shield has a reflectance lower than a reflectance of the reflector. The rotator holder holds the longitudinal end portion of the rotator. The liquid or semi-solid substance has lubricity and adheres to the rotator holder.

Abstract: A fixing device includes a rotator, a heater, a rotator support, a nip formation pad, lubricant, and a pressure rotator. The heater heats an inner circumferential surface of the rotator. The rotator support supports an end of the inner circumferential surface of the rotator in an axial direction of the rotator. The rotator slides on the rotator support. The nip formation pad is in contact with the inner circumferential surface of the rotator. One end of the nip formation pad in a longitudinal direction of the nip formation pad is separated from the rotator support with a clearance of 2 mm or more. The lubricant is between the rotator and the nip formation pad. The pressure rotator presses the nip formation pad via the rotator to form a nip between the rotator and the pressure rotator.

Abstract: An image reading device, an image forming apparatus, and a feed tray. The image reading device is provided with a light source that irradiates a sheet with light, and the light source is a sterilizing-light emitting light source that irradiates the sheet with light to sterilize the sheet. The image forming apparatus includes the image reading device, a housing including an image forming device that forms an image on a sheet, and a sterilizing-light emitting light source disposed in a sheet conveyance path in the housing. The feed tray for containing a plurality of sheets, the feed tray includes a sterilizing-light emitting light source.

Abstract: A heater includes a base, a plurality of heat generators arranged on the base in parallel to a longitudinal direction of the base, a plurality of electrodes on the base, and conductor paths disposed on the base. The conductor paths are electrically connected to the heat generators and the electrodes. The conductor paths include a main conductor path connected to one of the electrodes and a branch conductor path branched from the main conductor path. At least a part of the branch conductor path has a lower electrical resistance per unit length than an electrical resistance per unit length of the main conductor path.

Abstract: A heater includes a base layer, a heat generator mounted on the base layer, and a slide layer mounted on the base layer. A sliding face of a counterpart slides over the slide layer. The slide layer is made of a material containing fluorine and includes a slide face that contacts the sliding face of the counterpart. The slide face of the slide layer has a surface roughness that is greater than a surface roughness of the sliding face of the counterpart.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a resistive heat generator and a power control device that controls power supplied to the resistive heat generator. The power control device supplies the power at a predetermined power duty cycle for adjustment to the resistive heat generator. The power control device adjusts a power duty cycle when the resistive heat generator is used.

Abstract: A heater includes a base, a plurality of heat generators arranged on the base in parallel to a longitudinal direction of the base, a plurality of electrodes on the base, and conductor paths disposed on the base. The conductor paths are electrically connected to the heat generators and the electrodes. The conductor paths include a main conductor path connected to one of the electrodes and a branch conductor path branched from the main conductor path. At least a part of the branch conductor path has a lower electrical resistance per unit length than an electrical resistance per unit length of the main conductor path.

Abstract: A heating device includes a sleeve-shaped flexible fixing rotator, a heater to contact an inner surface of the fixing rotator, a pressure rotator pressed against the heater via the fixing rotator to form a nip between the fixing rotator and the pressure rotator, a thermometer to detect a temperature of the heater, and a pressing force switching mechanism to switch a pressing force between the heater and the pressure rotator. The pressing force switching mechanism switches the pressing force between the heater and the pressure rotator in at least two stages, a standard force when the temperature of the heater detected by the thermometer increases and reaches a predetermined temperature and before the medium to be heated passes through the nip, and a reduced force smaller than the standard force when the temperature of the heater detected by the thermometer is lower than the predetermined temperature.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a resistive heat generator, a temperature detector, and a power controller that detects a temperature-resistance property of the resistive heat generator before the resistive heat generator is used when the resistive heat generator is removably installed. The power controller obtains power supplied to the resistive heat generator and a change in a temperature of the resistive heat generator, that is detected by the temperature detector, while the power controller supplies the power at a predetermined power duty cycle for adjustment to the resistive heat generator. The power controller calculates the temperature-resistance property of the resistive heat generator based on the power and the change in the temperature that are obtained. The power controller adjusts a power duty cycle at which the power is supplied to the resistive heat generator in use of the resistive heat generator, based on the temperature-resistance property.

Abstract: A heater includes a base layer, a heat generator mounted on the base layer, and a slide layer mounted on the base layer. A sliding face of a counterpart slides over the slide layer. The slide layer is made of a material containing fluorine and includes a slide face that contacts the sliding face of the counterpart. The slide face of the slide layer has a surface roughness that is greater than a surface roughness of the sliding face of the counterpart.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a heating device including a heat generator and a resistance value identifier, a body, a resistance value acquisition unit, a detector to detect detachment and attachment of the heating device from and to the body, and an electric power controller. The resistance value identifier corresponds to a resistance value of the heat generator. The resistance value acquisition unit acquires the resistance value from the resistance value identifier. The electric power controller causes the resistance value acquisition unit to acquire the resistance value when the detector detects detachment and attachment of the heating device. The electric power controller changes a lighting duty of the heat generator when the acquired resistance value of the heat generator is different from the resistance value before the detector detects detachment and attachment of the heating device.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a power controller that starts an examination mode by an external operation. The examination mode detects a temperature-resistance property of a resistive heat generator. The power controller supplies power at a predetermined power duty cycle to the resistive heat generator, The power controller obtains the power supplied to the resistive heat generator and a change in a temperature of the resistive heat generator, that is detected by a temperature detector, while the power controller supplies the power at the predetermined power duty cycle to the resistive heat generator. The power controller calculates the temperature-resistance property of the resistive heat generator based on the power and the change in the temperature that are obtained. The power controller adjusts a power duty cycle at which the power is supplied to the resistive heat generator based on the temperature-resistance property.