Abstract: Objects of the present invention is to provide light diffusion sheets capable of exhibiting improved heat resistance, thermal dimensional stability and weather resistance while maintaining transparency, which hardly give rise to bending, yellowing and the like even though they receive generated heat from a lamp and ultraviolet ray irradiation, and to provide backlight units in which reduction of the occurrence of lack in uniformity of the brightness are achieved using the light diffusion sheet. The light diffusion sheet according to the present invention comprises a transparent substrate sheet and a light diffusion layer overlaid to the front face side of the substrate sheet, wherein this light diffusion layer includes a light diffusing agent in a binder, with this binder being formed from a polymer composition comprising polyol and a fine inorganic filler, and having a glass transition temperature of 50° C. or greater and 80° C.

Abstract: Objects of the present invention is to provide light diffusion sheets capable of exhibiting improved heat resistance, thermal dimensional stability and weather resistance while maintaining transparency, which hardly give rise to bending, yellowing and the like even though they receive generated heat from a lamp and ultraviolet ray irradiation, and to provide backlight units in which reduction of the occurrence of lack in uniformity of the brightness are achieved using the light diffusion sheet.

Abstract: An optical sheet to be used for a back light unit of a liquid crystal display having at least a lamp and a light guiding plate has the following structure. The optical sheet is constituted by a lower base portion and an upper fitting portion which are fitted each other in a vertical direction with less margin, and the base portion and the fitting portion are formed of materials having different refractive indices. The base portion is provided with a large number of triangular portions having a triangular sectional shape in parallel, the triangular portion having a first side surface positioned on the left side and a second side surface positioned on the right side. Moreover, the first side surface of the triangular portion has an angle which is equal to or greater than an angle formed between a direction taking a peak of a ray refracted and incident on an inside of the base portion through a light guiding plate and the transverse direction.

Abstract: An optical sheet according to the present invention is an optical sheet which is capable of transmitting upwards a light beam entering the optical sheet from below and which comprises a light beam controlling section formed of first rectangular areas and second rectangular areas, each of the first rectangular areas being square or rectangle in cross section, the first rectangular areas being arranged in parallel to each other, each of the second rectangular areas being square or rectangle in cross section, the second rectangular areas being arranged in parallel to each other. The first and second rectangular areas are alternate in the lateral direction. The first rectangular area is formed of a material having a refractive index that is higher than that of a material of the second rectangular area.

Abstract: To treat waste containing harmful metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, copper, nickel, zinc, etc., the waste is mixed with a treating agent containing, as the essential constituent component, solid acid(s) and/or cement and additionally a caking inhibitor, kneaded with water where necessary, then solidified by curing. Harmful metals are thereby stabilized in the thus-solidified cakes and are not released therefrom.

Abstract: To treat waste containing harmful netals such as lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, copper, nickel, zinc, etc., the waste is mixed with a treating agent containing, as the essential constituent component, solid acid(s) and/or cement and additionally a caking inhibitor, kneaded with water where necessary, then solidified by curing. Harmful metals are thereby stabilized in the thus-solidified cakes and are not released therefrom.

Abstract: A method for solidifying industrial waste containing various toxic metals and other substances without fail and stabilizing the waste so as to prevent the toxic metals, particularly lead, from leaching out. The method comprises mixing a waste containing calcium compounds such as hydroxide, oxide and chloride of calcium with a treatment mainly comprising water glass, adding, if necessary, water hereto to adjust the total water content to 25-75 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the waste, kneading the resultant mixture, and aging the same for at least 6 hours in a temperature range of 40.degree. to 100.degree. C., preferably by utilizing the waste heat of a waste incinerator.

Abstract: A waste-treating material which comprises cement and at least one reducing metal, effective for stabilizing industrial wastes containing harmful metals like a heavy metal and the like and cyanides. A preferred example of the reducing metal is iron. Additionally the waste-treating material may also contain at least one member selected from a group consisting of a reducing agent, aluminum sulfate, allophane, and bentonite as the auxiliary. The use of this waste-treating material makes it possible to stabilize the hazardous heavy material and the cyanides contained in the industrial wastes, thereby remarkably contributing to a stabilizing treatment of the industrial wastes.

Abstract: A method for liquid crystal orienting film is disclosed, comprising:a step of preparing a thin film by laminating a monomolecular film on a substrate having an electrode formed thereon, said monomolecular film being formed by spreading on water surface an amphiphilic high molecular material having a repeating unit as represented by the following general formula (1): ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is a tetravalent group containing at least two carbon atoms, R.sup.2 is a divalent group containing at least two carbon atoms and each of R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 is an aliphatic, an alicyclic or an aromatic monovalent group having 1-30 carbon atoms or combinations thereof, which may be substituted by a halogen atom, a nitro group, an amino group, a cyano group, a methoxy group or an acetoxy group, or a hydrogen atom, and at least one of R.sup.3 and R.sup.

Abstract: A copolymeric amphiphilic polyimide precursor having the recurring unit of the formula (1): ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is a tetravalent group having at least 2 carbon atoms, R.sup.2 is a bivalent group having at least 2 carbon atoms, and R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 are hydrogen atom or a monovalent group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms selected from the group consisting of an aliphatic group, an alicyclic group, an aromatic group, a group in which an aliphatic group is combined with an aromatic group, or an alicyclic group, and their groups substituted by a halogen atom, nitro group, amino group, cyano group, methoxy group or acetoxyl group, provided that at least one of R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 is neither hydrogen atom nor the above-mentioned group which has 1 to 11 carbon atoms; a part of at least one of said R.sup.1 and said R.sup.2 being substituted with a group having a valence different therefrom.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device containing an orientation film. The orientation film is made by building up at least one mixed monomolecular film on a substrate having an electrode layer thereon. The mixed monomolecular film is obtained by spreading on a water surface a mixture of:(a) an amphiphilic high-molecular weight substance having a number average molecular weight of 2,000 to 300,000, which contains a repeating unit (I): ##STR1## wherein at least one of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 represents a group having benzenoid unsaturation and at least 6 carbon atoms; R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, and R.sup.6, which may be the same or different, each represents a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent C.sub.

Abstract: An element of liquid crystal display including an orientation film. The orientation film is obtained by building up at least one monomolecular film on a substrate having thereon at least an electrode layer. The monomolecular film is formed by spreading an amphiphilic high-molecular weight substance having a number average molecular weight of from 2,000 to 300,000 having a repeating unit represented by formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 represents an aliphatic group having from 12 to 30 carbon atoms; and R.sup.2 represents at least one group selected from the group consisting of ##STR2## on a water surface, and subjecting the built-up film to a heat treatment to cause cyclization.

Abstract: An electric-electronic device including a polyimide thin film is disclosed, said polyimide thin film having a thickness of not more than 1000 .ANG. and a dielectric breakdown strength of not less than 1.times.10.sup.6 V/cm. The device has excellent performance properties ascribed to high heat resistance, mechanical strength, chemical resistance and insulating properties of the polyimide thin film.

Abstract: A patterned thin film suitable for use in electric and electronic devices, prepared from a polymer or a mixture of the polymer and other known compounds capable of forming a thin film by LB technique, said polymer having linear recurring units wherein an organic group R.sup.1 having at least 2 carbon atoms and a valence of at least 2 is combined alternately with an organic group R.sup.2 having at least 2 carbon atoms and a valence of at least 2 through a bivalent group formed by a reaction of an acid group A containing a hetero atom and a basic group B containing a hetero atom, and wherein a hydrocarbon-containing group R.sup.3 having 10 to 30 carbon atoms which may contain a substituent group, is linked by covalent or ionic bond to said recurring units, the number of groups R.sup.3 being at least 2 per 10 recurring units.

Abstract: A multi-layer resist comprising (A) a layer of a Langmuir-Blodgett film, (B) a layer of at least one thin film and (C) a substrate, said layer (B) being placed between said layer, (A) and said substrate (C). The multi-layer resists of the invention are applicable to ultra fine processing on the order of submicron, half-micron or quarter-micron, and the number of defects can be remarkably decreased.

Abstract: Amphiphilic anthracene derivatives having a hydrophobic substituent and a hydrophilic substituent at 9 position and 10 position of the anthracene nucleus, respectively are disclosed. The amphiphilic anthracene derivatives have an excellent film forming property, heat resistance and electroluminescene effect.

Abstract: A photosensitive amphiphilic high polymer comprises a linear recurring unit containing at least divalent 1st organic group (R.sup.1) having at least two carbon atoms and at least divalent 2nd organic group (R.sup.2) having at least two carbon atoms, said organic groups R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 being connected to each other by a divalent linkage group formed by a reaction of an acid group (A) containing a hetero atom and a basic group (B) containing a hetero group; and at least one hydrocarbon-containing group having 10 to 30 carbon atoms, which may have a substituent, bonded to said recurring unit by a covalent bond or an ionic bond; and a dimerizable or polymerizable unsaturated bond or an orthonitrobenzyl group ##STR1## which may have a substituent, contained in a part or the whole of said recurring unit.

Abstract: An amphiphilic polyimide precursor having at least 70% by mole of the recurring unit of the formula (1): ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is a tetravalent group having at least 2 carbon atoms, R.sup.2 is a bivalent group having at least 2 carbon atoms, and R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 are hydrogen atom or a monovalent group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms selected from an aliphatic group, an alicyclic group, an aromatic group, a group in which an aliphatic group is combined with an alicyclic group or an aromatic group, and their groups substituted by a halogen atom, nitro group, amino group, cyano group, methoxy group or acetoxyl group, provided that at least one, preferably at least two, of R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.

Abstract: A copolymeric amphiphilic polyimide precursor having the recurring unit of the formula (1): ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is a tetravalent group having at least 2 carbon atoms, R.sup.2 is a bivalent group having at least 2 carbon atoms, and R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 are hydrogen atom or a monovalent group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms selected from the group consisting of an aliphatic group, an alicyclic group, an aromatic group, a group in which an aliphatic group is combined with an aromatic group, or an alicyclic group, and their groups substituted by a halogen atom, nitro group, amino group, cyano group, methoxy group or acetoxyl group, provided that at least one of R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 is neither hydrogen atom nor the above-mentioned group which has 1 to 11 carbon atoms; a part of at least one of said R.sup.1 and said R.sup.2 being substituted with a group having a valence different therefrom.

Abstract: A copolymerized polyamic acid salt having a recurring unit represented by following formula (I) and (II) and the process for preparing thereof. ##STR1## wherein (A) or (A') represents a formula ##STR2## wherein, R.sup.1 represents a tetravalent group having at least 2 carbon atoms; R.sup.2 represents a divalent group having at least 2 carbon atoms; and R.sup.31, R.sub.32, R.sup.33, R.sup.41, R.sup.42, R.sup.43, R.sup.5, and R.sup.6 each represents a monovalent group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms selected from an aliphatic group, an alicyclic group, an aromatic group, a group in which an aliphatic group is combined with an alicyclic group or an aromatic group, each of these groups substituted by a halogen atom, a nitro group, an amino group, a cyano group, a methoxy group, or an acetoxy group, or a hydrogen atom; at least one of said R.sup.31, R.sup.32, R.sup.33, R.sup.41, R.sup.42, R.sup.43, R.sup.5 and R.sup.