Abstract: There is provided a method for suppressing protein expression, including using an oligomer for RNA having first, second, third, and fourth guanine repeat sequences (referred to as “first G sequence,” “second G sequence,” “third G sequence,” and “fourth G sequence,” respectively), the oligomer hybridizing with regions proximal to the guanine repeat sequences, so as to bring the guanine repeat sequences closer together, thereby forming a guanine-quadruplex structure.

Abstract: A method is provided which enables quick, convenient, inexpensive, and high sensitivity confirmation of nucleic acid amplification after a nucleic acid amplification reaction. The DNA fragment in accordance with the present invention is a single-stranded DNA fragment containing a hairpin structure which in turn contains a bulge, wherein the DNA fragment is used as being attached to the 5? end of a primer used in nucleic acid amplification. The nucleic acid amplification confirmation method in accordance with the present invention quantifies a hairpin primer containing the DNA fragment at its 5? end by using bulge-binding fluorescent molecules after carrying out PCR or like nucleic acid amplification reaction using the hairpin primer. SNPs are detected quickly and conveniently at low cost and with high sensitivity by applying the nucleic acid amplification confirmation method, for example, to allele specific PCR.

Abstract: A method is provided which enables quick, convenient, inexpensive, and high sensitivity confirmation of nucleic acid amplification after a nucleic acid amplification reaction. The DNA fragment in accordance with the present invention is a single-stranded DNA fragment containing a hairpin structure which in turn contains a bulge, wherein the DNA fragment is used as being attached to the 5? end of a primer used in nucleic acid amplification. The nucleic acid amplification confirmation method in accordance with the present invention quantifies a hairpin primer containing the DNA fragment at its 5? end by using bulge-binding fluorescent molecules after carrying out PCR or like nucleic acid amplification reaction using the hairpin primer. SNPs are detected quickly and conveniently at low cost and with high sensitivity by applying the nucleic acid amplification confirmation method, for example, to allele specific PCR.

Abstract: A phase tracked loop frequency demodulator having a phase comparator receptive of a frequency modulated signal and a peak-shifting filter for imparting a constant phase shift of 90.degree. over the full range of its instantaneous frequencies in response to a feedback control signal to permit the phase comparator to compare the non-phase shifted and phase shifted signals. The carrier frequency components of the output from the comparator are eliminated by means of a second filter to derive a demodulated signal which is used as the control signal. In order to eliminate high frequency limitations of the peak-shifting filter, this filter is comprised of a variable reactance element and a complementary reactance element so connected thereto to form a resonant circuit which possesses a quadratic frequency response characteristic with a resonant peak at the upper or lower frequency end of the passband.