Abstract: A battery monitoring device is applied to an assembled battery having a plurality of battery cells connected in series, the battery cells including a first battery cell and a second battery cell. The battery monitoring device includes: an acquisition unit configured to acquire, during charging or discharging of the battery cells, a battery parameter of each of the first and second battery cells, the battery parameter of each of the first and second battery cells being a terminal voltage across the corresponding one of the first and second battery cells or an impedance of the corresponding one of the first and second battery cells; and a state calculation unit configured to calculate a difference between the acquired battery parameter of the first battery cell and the acquired battery parameter of the second battery cell, and calculate a battery state of the battery cells based on the calculated difference.

Abstract: A semiconductor apparatus includes: a base plate; an insulating circuit board including a ceramic substrate, a circuit pattern formed on an upper surface of the ceramic substrate, a metal layer formed on a lower surface of the ceramic substrate and fixed on an upper surface of the base plate with a first joint material; a semiconductor device having a first surface fixed on the circuit pattern with a second joint material and a second surface which is an opposite surface of the first surface; a lead frame fixed on the second surface with a third joint material; and a case fixed to an outer edge portion of the base plate and enclosing the semiconductor device, wherein restoring force acts on the insulating circuit board in a direction of warpage that is convex upward, and restoring force acts on the base plate in a direction of warpage that is convex downward.