Abstract: An A/F sensor element includes a substrate made of an insulating ceramic having a bottomed cylindrical shape, an electrolyte part made of a solid electrolyte, and a pair of electrode portions. The electrolyte part is embedded in at least a portion of the side wall of the substrate. The A/F sensor element is used by inserting a rod-like heater in the substrate having the bottomed cylindrical shape. The substrate is formed of the insulating ceramic at a contact position to the heater within the substrate. In a manufacturing of the substrate, a molded body having a space for a forming position of the electrolyte part is formed by using substrate-forming clay, and then the molded body is molded by filling electrolyte-forming clay into the space.

Abstract: An A/F sensor element includes a substrate made of an insulating ceramic having a bottomed cylindrical shape, an electrolyte part made of a solid electrolyte, and a pair of electrode portions. The electrolyte part is embedded in at least a portion of the side wall of the substrate. The A/F sensor element is used by inserting a rod-like heater in the substrate having the bottomed cylindrical shape. The substrate is formed of the insulating ceramic at a contact position to the heater within the substrate. In a manufacturing of the substrate, a molded body having a space for a forming position of the electrolyte part is formed by using substrate-forming clay, and then the molded body is molded by filling electrolyte-forming clay into the space.

Abstract: An A/F sensor element includes a substrate made of an insulating ceramic having a bottomed cylindrical shape, an electrolyte part made of a solid electrolyte, and a pair of electrode portions. The electrolyte part is embedded in at least a portion of the side wall of the substrate. The A/F sensor element is used by inserting a rod-like heater in the substrate having the bottomed cylindrical shape. The substrate is formed of the insulating ceramic at a contact position to the heater within the substrate. In a manufacturing of the substrate, a molded body having a space for a forming position of the electrolyte part is formed by using substrate-forming clay, and then the molded body is molded by filling electrolyte-forming clay into the space.

Abstract: A gas sensor element includes a basal body, at least one solid electrolyte portion and a pair of electrodes. The basal body has a bottomed tubular shape and is made of an electrically insulative ceramic material. The basal body has a side wall and a bottom wall. The at least one solid electrolyte portion is formed in the bottom wall or the side wall of the basal body. The pair of electrodes are opposed to each other with the at least one solid electrolyte portion interposed therebetween. The difference in surface level between the basal body and the at least one solid electrolyte portion at a boundary therebetween is less than or equal to 30 ?m.

Abstract: An A/F sensor element includes a substrate made of an insulating ceramic having a bottomed cylindrical shape, an electrolyte part made of a solid electrolyte, and a pair of electrode portions. The electrolyte part is embedded in at least a portion of the side wall of the substrate. The A/F sensor element is used by inserting a rod-like heater in the substrate having the bottomed cylindrical shape. The substrate is formed of the insulating ceramic at a contact position to the heater within the substrate. In a manufacturing of the substrate, a molded body having a space for a forming position of the electrolyte part is formed by using substrate-forming clay, and then the molded body is molded by filling electrolyte-forming clay into the space.

Abstract: A lambda sensor element includes a substrate made of an insulating ceramic having a bottomed cylindrical shape, an electrolyte part made of a solid electrolyte, and a pair of electrode portions. The electrolyte part is embedded in at least a portion of the side wall of the substrate. The lambda sensor element is used by inserting a rod-like heater in the substrate having the bottomed cylindrical shape. The substrate is formed of the insulating ceramic at a contact position to the heater within the substrate. In a manufacturing of the substrate, a molded body having a space for a forming position of the electrolyte part is formed by using substrate-forming clay, and then the molded body is molded by filling electrolyte-forming clay into the space.

Abstract: A gas sensor element includes an insulating ceramic base, a solid electrolyte body, and a heating element. The solid electrolyte body is disposed in an opening of the insulating ceramic base and has a measuring electrode affixed to one of major surfaces thereof and a reference electrode affixed to the other major surface. The measuring electrode is exposed to gas to be measured. The reference electrode is exposed to a reference gas. The heating element works to activate the solid electrolyte body and is mounted on one of opposed surfaces of the insulating ceramic base on the same side as the major surface of the solid electrolyte body on which the reference electrode is disposed. Specifically, the insulating ceramic base is located between the solid electrolyte body and the heating element, thereby ensuring a desired degree of electric insulation between the heating element and the reference electrode.

Abstract: A gas sensor element includes a basal body, at least one solid electrolyte portion and a pair of electrodes. The basal body has a bottomed tubular shape and is made of an electrically insulative ceramic material. The basal body has a side wall and a bottom wall. The at least one solid electrolyte portion is formed in the bottom wall or the side wall of the basal body. The pair of electrodes are opposed to each other with the at least one solid electrolyte portion interposed therebetween. The difference in surface level between the basal body and the at least one solid electrolyte portion at a boundary therebetween is less than or equal to 30 ?m.

Abstract: A tin-plated product formed by electroplating a substrate in a tin plating solution, which contains carbon particles and an aromatic carbonyl compound, to form a coating of a composite material, which contains the carbon particles in a tin layer, on the substrate has a coefficient of friction which is not greater than 0.18, preferably not greater than 0.13, with respect to the same kind of another tin-plated product, and has a glossiness of not less than 0.29 and a contact resistance of not greater than 1.0 m?. The coating has a thickness of 0.5 to 10 micrometers, and the content of carbon in the coating is in the range of from 0.1% by weight to 1.5% by weight. Separate protrusions containing the carbon particles are formed on the surface of the coating. The orientation plane of a tin matrix of the coating is (101) plane.

Abstract: A tin-plated product formed by electroplating a substrate in a tin plating solution, which contains carbon particles and an aromatic carbonyl compound, to form a coating of a composite material, which contains the carbon particles in a tin layer, on the substrate has a coefficient of friction which is not greater than 0.18, preferably not greater than 0.13, with respect to the same kind of another tin-plated product, and has a glossiness of not less than 0.29 and a contact resistance of not greater than 1.0 m?. The coating has a thickness of 0.5 to 10 micrometers, and the content of carbon in the coating is in the range of from 0.1% by weight to 1.5% by weight. Separate protrusions containing the carbon particles are formed on the surface of the coating. The orientation plane of a tin matrix of the coating is (101) plane.

Abstract: Benzoic acid derivatives of the formula: ##STR1## wherein n is an integer of 0 to 2; R.sub.1 to R.sub.3 which may be the same or different each represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a lower alkyl group, a lower alkoxy group or nitro group; R.sub.4 is a hydroxyl group or the group --NHZ (Z is hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group), or an alkali metal salts thereof are useful as an infection control agent.These derivatives excepting compounds of the formula above wherein n is 0 or 1; any one of R.sub.1 to R.sub.3 is 5-chloro, 5-methoxy or 5-nitro and the remainder is a hydrogen atom; and R.sub.4 is a hydroxyl group; and compounds of the formula wherein n is 0 or 1; two of R.sub.1 to R.sub.3 are 3,5-dichloro or 3,5-dinitro and the remainder is a hydrogen atom; and R.sub.4 is a hydroxy group) are novel, and they were first prepared in this invention.