Abstract: An encoder includes a track having optical effecters arranged to have an absolute pattern in a measurement direction, a light source configured to emit diffusion light to the track, and a light receiving array configured to have light receiving elements arranged in the measurement direction and to receive light reflected or transmitted by the track. The light receiving elements fall within an area which is positioned corresponding to an area between the optical effecters and to which the light reflected by the track dose not reach.

Abstract: An encoder includes a plurality of slit tracks, a point light source, a first light-receiving array, a second light-receiving array, and a third light-receiving array. The plurality of slit tracks respectively comprises a plurality of reflection slits arranged along a measurement direction. The point light source is configured to emit diffusion light to the plurality of slit tracks. The first light-receiving array is configured to receive light reflected by the slit track comprising an incremental pattern. The second light-receiving array is configured to receive light reflected by the slit track comprising an incremental pattern longer in pitch than other incremental patterns. The third light-receiving array is configured to receive light reflected by the slit track comprising an absolute pattern.

Abstract: An encoder includes a plurality of slit tracks, a point light source, a first to third light-receiving arrays. The plurality of slit tracks respectively comprises a plurality of reflection slits. The point light source emits diffusion light to the plurality of slit tracks. The first light-receiving array receives light reflected by the slit track comprising an incremental pattern. The second light-receiving array receives light reflected by the slit track comprising an incremental pattern longer in pitch than other incremental patterns, and is disposed at a position on a side of a direction where the point light source is disposed, than the first light-receiving array, The third light-receiving array receives light reflected by the slit track comprising an absolute pattern, and is disposed at a position on a side of a direction where the point light source is disposed, than the first light-receiving array.

Abstract: An optical module includes: a light source configured to emit diffusion light to tracks; one light receiving array and another light receiving array which are arranged across the light source in a width direction substantially vertical to the measurement direction; a light receiving array arranged between the one light receiving array and the light source, and configured to receive light which is reflected at the tracks having a first incremental pattern; and a light receiving array arranged between the another first light receiving array and the light source, and configured to receive light which is reflected at the tracks having a second incremental pattern which pitch is longer than a pitch of the first incremental pattern.

Abstract: An encoder includes an absolute pattern, a light source, and a plurality of light reception elements. The absolute pattern is disposed in a measurement direction. The light source is configured to emit light to the absolute pattern. The plurality of light reception elements are arranged in the measurement direction and are configured to receive the light emitted from the light source and transmitted through or reflected by the absolute pattern. The plurality of light reception elements include a first light reception element having a shape asymmetrical in the measurement direction.

Abstract: The encoder includes a plurality of slit tracks, a point light source, two first light-receiving arrays, two second light-receiving arrays, and a third light-receiving array. The plurality of slit tracks respectively comprises a plurality of reflection slits arranged along a measurement direction. The point light source is configured to emit diffusion light to the plurality of slit tracks. The two first light-receiving arrays are disposed sandwiching the point light source in a width direction substantially orthogonal to the measurement direction. The two second light-receiving arrays are disposed sandwiching the point light source in the measurement direction. The third light-receiving array is configured to receive light reflected by the slit track comprising an incremental pattern that differs in pitch from other incremental patterns, and is disposed at a position in a direction where the first light-receiving array is disposed than the point light source.

Abstract: The encoder includes a plurality of slit tracks, a point light source, two first light-receiving arrays, two second light-receiving arrays, and a third light-receiving array. The plurality of slit tracks respectively comprises a plurality of reflection slits arranged along a measurement direction. The point light source is configured to emit diffusion light to the plurality of slit tracks. The two first light-receiving arrays are disposed sandwiching the point light source in a width direction substantially orthogonal to the measurement direction. The two second light-receiving arrays are disposed sandwiching the point light source in the measurement direction. The third light-receiving array is configured to receive light reflected by the slit track comprising an incremental pattern that differs in pitch from other incremental patterns, and is disposed at a position in a direction where the first light-receiving array is disposed than the point light source.

Abstract: An encoder includes a plurality of slit tracks, a point light source, a first to third light-receiving arrays. The plurality of slit tracks respectively comprises a plurality of reflection slits. The point light source emits diffusion light to the plurality of slit tracks. The first light-receiving array receives light reflected by the slit track comprising an incremental pattern. The second light-receiving array receives light reflected by the slit track comprising an incremental pattern longer in pitch than other incremental patterns, and is disposed at a position on a side of a direction where the point light source is disposed, than the first light-receiving array, The third light-receiving array receives light reflected by the slit track comprising an absolute pattern, and is disposed at a position on a side of a direction where the point light source is disposed, than the first light-receiving array.

Abstract: An encoder includes a plurality of slit tracks, a point light source, a first light-receiving array, a second light-receiving array, and a third light-receiving array. The plurality of slit tracks respectively comprises a plurality of reflection slits arranged along a measurement direction. The point light source is configured to emit diffusion light to the plurality of slit tracks. The first light-receiving array is configured to receive light reflected by the slit track comprising an incremental pattern. The second light-receiving array is configured to receive light reflected by the slit track comprising an incremental pattern longer in pitch than other incremental patterns. The third light-receiving array is configured to receive light reflected by the slit track comprising an absolute pattern.

Abstract: An encoder includes a plurality of slit tracks, a point light source, a first light-receiving array, and a second light-receiving array. The plurality of slit tracks respectively comprises a plurality of reflection slits arranged along a measurement direction. The point light source is configured to emit diffusion light to the plurality of slit tracks. The first light-receiving array is configured to receive light reflected by the slit track comprising an incremental pattern, and is disposed at a position in a first direction than the point light source. The second light-receiving array is configured to receive light reflected by the slit track comprising an incremental pattern that differs in pitch from the slit track corresponding to the first light-receiving array, and is disposed at a position in a second direction than the point light source. The second direction forms an angle ? with respect to the first direction.

Abstract: An encoder includes a track having optical effecters arranged to have an absolute pattern in a measurement direction, a light source configured to emit diffusion light to the track, and a light receiving array configured to have light receiving elements arranged in the measurement direction and to receive light reflected or transmitted by the track. The light receiving elements fall within an area which is positioned corresponding to an area between the optical effecters and to which the light reflected by the track dose not reach.

Abstract: An optical module includes: a light source configured to emit diffusion light to tracks; one light receiving array and another light receiving array which are arranged across the light source in a width direction substantially vertical to the measurement direction; a light receiving array arranged between the one light receiving array and the light source, and configured to receive light which is reflected at the tracks having a first incremental pattern; and a light receiving array arranged between the another first light receiving array and the light source, and configured to receive light which is reflected at the tracks having a second incremental pattern which pitch is longer than a pitch of the first incremental pattern.

Abstract: An encoder includes a first substrate including a point light source that emits light onto reflective slits formed on a disc and a light-receiving element that receives light emitted from the point light source and reflected by the reflective slits, a second substrate onto which the first substrate is mounted, a lustrous connecting portion configured to electrically connect the first substrate and the second substrate, and a covering material configured to cover the connecting portion in the manner that the point light source and the light-receiving element are exposed.

Abstract: An encoder includes a first substrate including a point light source that emits light onto reflective slits formed on a disc and a light-receiving element that receives light emitted from the point light source and reflected by the reflective slits, a second substrate onto which the first substrate is mounted, a lustrous connecting portion configured to electrically connect the first substrate and the second substrate, and a covering material configured to cover the connecting portion in the manner that the point light source and the light-receiving element are exposed.

Abstract: An optical head device includes a lens holder, a wire support body which supports the lens holder through a plurality of wires, and a plate-like member on which the wire support body is mounted. The plate-like member includes a bottom plate part on which the wire support body is mounted and a rising part raised from the bottom plate part so as to face with a gap to a side face of the wire support body. The wire support body is subjected to surface bonding to the rising part with a first adhesive which is disposed within the gap and mounted on the plate-like member.

Abstract: An optical head device includes a lens holder, a wire support body which supports the lens holder through a plurality of wires, and a plate-like member on which the wire support body is mounted. The plate-like member includes a bottom plate part on which the wire support body is mounted and a rising part raised from the bottom plate part so as to face with a gap to a side face of the wire support body. The wire support body is subjected to surface bonding to the rising part with a first adhesive which is disposed within the gap and mounted on the plate-like member.

Abstract: A method of refining metal to be processed to a high degree of purity by heat-melting the metal in a melting furnace in the form of a metal crucible placed in a vacuum vessel. The method includes evacuating prior to melting, preheating the inside of the entire vacuum atmosphere including the inner wall surface of the vacuum vessel, component parts inside the vessel and the like in order to keep the total pressure within the vessel at 1.times.10.sup.-8 Torr or lower, and effecting high frequency induction heating while controlling the partial pressure of each of O.sub.2, H.sub.2, CO in the atmosphere inside the vessel. Further, the vacuum vessel, the metal crucible and an induction heating coil attached to the crucible, each of which has double jacket structure, are heated or cooled by supplying circulating heating or cooling water in a water-passage space of each of the vacuum vessel, the metal crucible and the induction heating coil, so that the inside of the melting furnace is baked.