Abstract: A fixing device includes an endless belt, a rotatable pressing member, a pad member inside of the belt, and a sliding member held by the pad member and sliding on an inner circumferential surface of the belt in a nip. The rotatable pressing member nips and feeds a recording material in the nip in cooperation with the belt and fixes a toner image on the recording material by applying heat and pressure. The sliding member includes a base material layer on which a plurality of projections projecting toward the rotatable pressing member are formed on a side sliding with the belt and a sliding layer provided on an outer surface of the plurality of projections. A leading end of the plurality of projections is a plane and an average roughness (Ra) of the plane satisfies 0.13 ?m?Ra?1.67 ?m.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for reducing the frequency with which memory is accessed in graphic printing or the like. If a CPU 100 reads image data from a buffer block where data has not been written, a memory controller 12 does not read the image data from a image buffer 140, but sends back initializing data stored beforehand. If image data is going to be written for the first time in a buffer block, the memory controller 12 stores and manages this image data, first writes the initializing data in this buffer block, and thereafter writes the image data. If a read request or a write request occurs to a buffer block where data has already been written, the memory controller 12 reads or writes data as requested.

Abstract: An interactive computer system for converting user interface presentations from a first application specified format to a second user specified format. The system accepts application program output designed to be displayed on a target type of computer system terminal and, converts the display to a user specified form prior to display. Through conversion apparatus and process the user may specify a customized format for presentation of the data from the application program to take advantage of the capabilities of a particular display device employed by that user. The system analyses the application program output, and converts the output to a form required by the customized interface and display the resulting output on the user display device. The system is able to accept data input and commands from the user display device, convert them into a form required by the application program and transmit that input or command to the application program.