Abstract: A display apparatus of a simple matrix type displays an intermediate tone on a liquid panel by a data thinning-out system. As a modulated alternating inverted signal for determining a polarity of a driving voltage is applied to each pixel of the liquid panel, employed is a signal whose phase is inverted by 180.degree. every tone representing cycle which is a predetermined period of a plurality of frames, and it is structured such that a polarity of the driving voltage to be applied to each pixel is changed according to polarity of the modulated alternating inverted signal. Therefore, a positive polarity portion and a negative polarity portion of an effective voltage to be applied to a pixel in an arbitrary tone representing cycle are completely canceled by a negative polarity portion and a positive polarity portion of the driving voltage to be applied to the pixel in a tone representing cycle adjacent to said arbitrary tone representing cycle respectively.

Abstract: With the aim of reducing the thickness of a liquid crystal lighting apparatus, side ends, different from light incident ends, of an optical conductor plate are cut out to form steps so that the optical conductor plate may be thinner at the side ends than at the light incident ends. Alternatively, portions, contiguous to the light incident ends, of a reflector sheet and a diffusion sheet are cut out to form thickness reduced portions and only the thickness reduced portions are clamped and held by a main body.

Abstract: With the aim of mitigating a decrease in flux of light and improving the light utilization efficiency, an optical conductor used in a liquid crystal lighting apparatus is constructed of a plurality of refractive layers N.sub.1, N.sub.2, . . . , N.sub.i of different refractive indices which are gradually lowered from light incident end surfaces to a center portion of the optical conductor. Light coming from the light incident end surfaces is refracted at interfaces of the refractive layers N.sub.1, N.sub.2, . . . , N.sub.i so as to reach a light outgoing surface at an incident angle .theta..sub.i which is smaller than a critical angle .theta..sub.w, thereby preventing all the beams from undergoing total reflection at the light outgoing surface and shortening the optical length in the optical conductor.

Abstract: In a displaying cell of a liquid crystal display device, glass substrates are formed to overhang a displaying area and electrodes formed on the glass substrates are also formed to overhang the displaying area. An electrode formed on a wiring substrate, in which integrated circuit chips are mounted in order to drive the electrodes, is connected by an anistotropic conductive film to the electrodes on the glass substrates. Space is provided on the glass substrates, so that another anisotropic conductive film can be provided between the attaching position of the anisotropic conductive film and the displaying area. In the event that a connection is disconnected, a wire is broken or the current leaks, the wiring substrates are peeled off, and the connection is repaired. After repair, the wiring substrate is connected to a different part of the electrode on the glass sbstrate.

Abstract: In a mold panel unit for constructing, for example, a spring-water processing layer, a mold panel is made of a synthetic resinous material or a fiber-reinforced material. A plurality of projections identical in configuration with each other are formed on the one side of the mold panel. A plurality of recesses are formed in the other side of said mold panel in corresponding relation to the respective projections. In addition, a spring-water processing structure formed on a grade slab includes a plurality of mold panel units which are laid on the grade slab such that end faces of the respective projections of each of the mold panel units are in abutment with an upper surface of the grade slab, and the recesses of the mold panel unit open upwardly. A cement filler is after-cast on said mold panel units.