Abstract: A magneto-resistive element includes a first element section including a first unit element and a second element section including a second unit element. The first element section is connected to the second element section in series. The first unit element includes a first reference layer with a magnetization that is fixed in an in-plane direction, and a first free layer including a vortex magnetization. The second unit element includes a second reference layer with a magnetization that is fixed in an in-plane direction, and a second free layer including a vortex magnetization. A direction of the fixed magnetization of the first reference layer is opposite to that of the second reference layer.

Abstract: A printing apparatus includes a head mechanism including a thermal head; a ribbon conveyance unit that defines a conveyance path of a thermal transfer ribbon and conveys the thermal transfer ribbon along the conveyance path of the thermal transfer ribbon; and a medium conveyance unit that defines a conveyance path of a transfer target medium and conveys the transfer target medium along the conveyance path of the transfer target medium. Each of the conveyance path of the thermal transfer ribbon and the conveyance path of the transfer target medium includes a transfer position and a peeling position downstream of the transfer position, the transfer position being a position where the thermal transfer ribbon overlaid on the transfer target medium is subjected to heat and pressure from the thermal head, the peeling position being a position where the thermal transfer ribbon starts to be peeled away from the transfer target medium.

Abstract: A display of the present invention includes a multilayer film and at least one reflective surface. The multilayer film includes a laminate of at least two dielectric layers having refractive indices different from each other, and the laminate has a first major surface and a second major surface. The laminate has at least one recess formed in the first major surface. At least one reflective surface which faces the second major surface of the laminate, and is configured to direct light in a visible range, which has entered the multilayer film and then emerged at an angle of emergence from the second major surface, to be incident on the second major surface at an angle of incidence which is different from the angle of emergence of the light.

Abstract: A sensor includes a film portion deformable by external force, a support body supporting the film portion, and a magnetoresistive element portion on the film portion and including a unit element that includes a first magnetic layer whose magnetization direction changes in accordance with deformation of the film portion, a second magnetic layer whose magnetization direction is fixed, and an intermediate layer between the first and second magnetic layers. The film portion includes a first side portion in a portion of an outer edge of the film portion. A slit portion is provided in the film portion and includes at least a portion along the first side portion, so that the film portion includes a connection portion in which the first side portion is partially connected to the support body. A magnetoresistive element portion is provided in the connection portion.

Abstract: A magnetic sensor chip includes a substrate including a first main surface, and a magnetoresistive element having a magnetosensitive direction parallel or substantially parallel to the first main surface. The magnetoresistive element includes a reference layer, an intermediate layer, and a free layer stacked in a stacking direction perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the first main surface. A direction of magnetic anisotropy of the free layer where no external magnetic field acts on the magnetic sensor chip is parallel or substantially parallel to the stacking direction and perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the magnetosensitive direction. When a stress acts on the substrate predominantly in a first direction parallel or substantially parallel to the first main surface, a direction of stress-induced magnetic anisotropy in the free layer is perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the magnetosensitive direction and the stacking direction.

Abstract: An electric motor includes processing circuitry. The processing circuitry estimates the position of a rotor in a mode selected from an induced voltage mode and a harmonic superimposition mode. The induced voltage mode is a mode of estimating the position of the rotor based on an induced voltage that is generated in three-phase coils. The harmonic superimposition mode is a mode of estimating the position of the rotor by superimposing a harmonic on a command value. The processing circuitry estimates the position of the rotor using the induced voltage mode when the output voltage is greater than or equal to a predetermined threshold value and estimates the position of the rotor using the harmonic superimposition mode when the output voltage is less than the threshold value.

Abstract: An electric motor includes processing circuitry estimates a position of a rotor in a mode selected from an induced voltage mode and a harmonic superimposition mode. The processing circuitry estimates the position of the rotor using the induced voltage mode when the input voltage is less than or equal to a predetermined voltage threshold value or when the phase current is greater than or equal to a predetermined current threshold value and estimates the position of the rotor using the harmonic superimposition mode when the input voltage is greater than the voltage threshold value and the phase current is less than the current threshold value.

Abstract: A head unit is used for production of a media sheet that has a medium region row including a plurality of medium regions, the medium regions being to be separate personal information media. The head unit includes a plurality of thermal heads configured to thermally transfer dots exhibiting a structural color from a ribbon to a target. The plurality of thermal heads are arranged so that each thermal head corresponds to a respective one of the medium regions constituting the medium region row.

Abstract: A method of generating image data by acquiring first image data having a tone value of each pixel for each color and generating second image data. Generating the second image data by selecting a first pixel of the first image data; binarizing the tone value of the first pixel in response to a comparison result showing that the tone value of the first pixel is greater than the first threshold, binarizing the tone value of the first pixel in response to a comparison result showing that the tone value of the first pixel is smaller than the second threshold, and binarizing the tone value of the first pixel in response to a comparison result showing that the tone value of the first pixel is equal to or less than the first threshold and is equal to or greater than the second threshold.

Abstract: A magnetic sensor includes an angle sensor including first magnetoresistive elements and producing an output based on an angle between a direction of an external magnetic field and a reference direction, and a magnetic field strength sensor including second magnetoresistive elements and producing an output based on a strength of the external magnetic field. The angle sensor and the magnetic field strength sensor have a same or substantially a same direction of normal to a reference surface for sensor formation. The magnetic field strength sensor has different output characteristics in accordance with the angle between the direction of the external magnetic field and the reference direction. Based on the angle between the direction of the external magnetic field and the reference direction detected by the angle sensor and the output from the magnetic field strength sensor, the strength of the external magnetic field is determined.

Abstract: A printing system includes a first printing unit that performs printing using a material that exhibits structural color, based on first data, a second printing unit that performs printing using a material that includes pigment, based on second data, and a control apparatus that outputs the first data and the second data; the first data causes the first printing unit to print the first personal information items of a first information group in respective regions, and an item of identification information linked to the first information group; and the second data causes the second printing unit to print the second personal information items of a second information group linked to the item of identification information on the corresponding respective regions on which the first personal information items corresponding to the respective second personal information items have been printed.

Abstract: A magnetic sensor chip includes a substrate including a first main surface, and a magnetoresistive element having a magnetosensitive direction parallel or substantially parallel to the first main surface. The magnetoresistive element includes a reference layer, an intermediate layer, and a free layer stacked in a stacking direction perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the first main surface. A direction of magnetic anisotropy of the free layer where no external magnetic field acts on the magnetic sensor chip is parallel or substantially parallel to the stacking direction and perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the magnetosensitive direction. When a stress acts on the substrate predominantly in a first direction parallel or substantially parallel to the first main surface, a direction of stress-induced magnetic anisotropy in the free layer is perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the magnetosensitive direction and the stacking direction.

Abstract: A printing apparatus includes a head mechanism including a thermal head; a ribbon conveyance unit that defines a conveyance path of a thermal transfer ribbon and conveys the thermal transfer ribbon along the conveyance path of the thermal transfer ribbon; and a medium conveyance unit that defines a conveyance path of a transfer target medium and conveys the transfer target medium along the conveyance path of the transfer target medium. Each of the conveyance path of the thermal transfer ribbon and the conveyance path of the transfer target medium includes a transfer position and a peeling position downstream of the transfer position, the transfer position being a position where the thermal transfer ribbon overlaid on the transfer target medium is subjected to heat and pressure from the thermal head, the peeling position being a position where the thermal transfer ribbon starts to be peeled away from the transfer target medium.

Abstract: A sensor includes a film portion deformable by external force, a support body supporting the film portion, and a magnetoresistive element portion on the film portion and including a unit element that includes a first magnetic layer whose magnetization direction changes in accordance with deformation of the film portion, a second magnetic layer whose magnetization direction is fixed, and an intermediate layer between the first and second magnetic layers. The film portion includes a first side portion in a portion of an outer edge of the film portion. A slit portion is provided in the film portion and includes at least a portion along the first side portion, so that the film portion includes a connection portion in which the first side portion is partially connected to the support body. A magnetoresistive element portion is provided in the connection portion.

Abstract: A rotation angle estimation unit calculates a rotation angle of a rotor from a d-axis current and a q-axis current that flow into a motor of an onboard fluid machine and from a d-axis voltage command value and a q-axis voltage command value. A correction unit of an inverter device applies a pulse voltage to the motor when the motor is in a stopped state. Further, the correction unit corrects a parameter for control of the motor in accordance with a comparison result of the d-axis current and the q-axis current, which flow into the motor when the pulse voltage is applied.

Abstract: A head unit is used for production of a media sheet that has a medium region row including a plurality of medium regions, the medium regions being to be separate personal information media. The head unit includes a plurality of thermal heads configured to thermally transfer dots exhibiting a structural color from a ribbon to a target. The plurality of thermal heads are arranged so that each thermal head corresponds to a respective one of the medium regions constituting the medium region row.

Abstract: A printing system includes a first printing unit that performs printing using a material that exhibits structural color, based on first data, a second printing unit that performs printing using a material that includes pigment, based on second data, and a control apparatus that outputs the first data and the second data; he first data causes the first printing unit to print the first personal information items of a first information group in respective regions, and an item of identification information linked to the first information group; and the second data causes the second printing unit to print the second personal information items of a second information group linked to the item of identification information on the corresponding respective regions on which the first personal information items corresponding to the respective second personal information items have been printed.

Abstract: A magnetic sensor includes a substrate, and a magneto-resistive element portion which is provided on the substrate and has a predetermined magneto-sensitive direction, and in which a bias magnetic field is applied in a direction orthogonal or substantially orthogonal to the magneto-sensitive direction. The magneto-resistive element portion includes a magnetic layer having a negative magneto-striction constant, and stress-induced anisotropy of the magnetic layer develops in a direction parallel or substantially parallel to the direction of the bias magnetic field in response to a tensile stress act on the substrate in a direction parallel or substantially parallel to the magneto-sensitive direction.

Abstract: A display of the present invention includes a multilayer film and at least one reflective surface. The multilayer film includes a laminate of at least two dielectric layers having refractive indices different from each other, and the laminate has a first major surface and a second major surface. The laminate has at least one recess formed in the first major surface. At least one reflective surface which faces the second major surface of the laminate, and is configured to direct light in a visible range, which has entered the multilayer film and then emerged at an angle of emergence from the second major surface, to be incident on the second major surface at an angle of incidence which is different from the angle of emergence of the light.

Abstract: A method when expressing gradation for a color image including binarizing tone values of first image data to produce second image data including pixels each having colors with respective binarized tone values, classifying pixels of the first image data into a plurality of first pixel groups and specifying a pixel where a color centroid is positioned for each color in each first pixel group, classifying pixels of the second image data into second pixel groups PXG2 corresponding to the first pixel groups and calculating the number of light pixels for each color in each second pixel group, producing third image data from the second image data, information related to the color centroid, and information related to the number of light pixels, and producing fourth image data by changing the position of a light pixel with the position of a dark pixel in the third image data.