Abstract: A plurality of load lock chambers are provided, a predetermined valve device is controlled such that the valve device is not operated during wafer processing, a signal for permitting operation of the predetermined valve device is transmitted at a timing when the wafer processing is completed, and the valve device is operated based on the signal. Thus, while a processed wafer and an unprocessed wafer are exchanged between one load lock chamber and a processing chamber, an operation sequence of the entire semiconductor processing apparatus is controlled such that a predetermined valve device in the other load lock chamber is operated, and thus vibration does not occur during the operation of an electron optical system, thereby reducing a waiting time.

Abstract: A carrier for developing an electrostatic latent image is provided. The carrier comprises a core particle having an internal void ratio of from 0.0% to 2.0% and a coating layer coating the core particle. The coating layer contains flat chargeable particles satisfying Formula 1 blow: 1.0?R1/R2?3.0??Formula 1 where R1 [nm] and R2 [nm] represent a major axis and a thickness, respectively, of each of the flat chargeable particles. The carrier has an apparent density of from 2.0 to 2.5 g/cm3.

Abstract: A carrier for forming an electrophotographic image contains a core particle and a coating layer coating the core particle, wherein the coating layer contains a particle containing antimony and an anionic dispersant and the particle containing antimony includes a substrate particle containing a first inorganic fine particle.

Abstract: An image forming method is provided that includes: developing an electrostatic latent image formed on an image bearer, with use of a developer containing a carrier and toner, the carrier having a core material particle and a covering layer, the covering layer covering the core material particle and containing an antimony-containing particle; and supplying the carrier to the developer.

Abstract: A carrier contains a core material with a surface roughness Rz of from 2.0 to 3.0 ?m; and a coating layer to cover the core material, the coating layer comprising an antimony-containing particle.

Abstract: An electrophotographic image forming carrier includes core particles and a coating layer coating a surface of the core particles. The coating layer contains antimony-containing particles comprising inorganic fine particles A and antimony-doped tin oxide disposed on a surface of the inorganic fine particles A. The electrophotographic image forming carrier has an apparent density of 2.0 g/cm3 or more and 2.5 g/cm3 or less.

Abstract: A developing apparatus includes an electrostatic latent image bearer, a developing sleeve, a case, and an air filter. The case accommodates a two-component developer and the developing sleeve. The air filter is attached to the case. The air filter has a thickness of 2 to 20 mm and has a density gradient with a pressure loss of 2 to 40 Pa at a wind speed of 10 cm/s. The air filter forms an airflow sucked into the case from a gap between the developing sleeve and the case and forms an airflow discharged from the case through the air filter. The two-component developer accommodated in the case contains a magnetic particle a surface of which is coated with a resin layer. The resin layer contains at least one type of chargeable particle.

Abstract: A carrier for forming an electrophotographic image contains a core particle and a coating layer coating the core particle, wherein the coating layer contains a particle containing antimony and an anionic dispersant and the particle containing antimony includes a substrate particle containing a first inorganic fine particle.

Abstract: A carrier for electrophotographic image formation includes carrier particles. Each of the carrier particles includes a core particle and a coating layer covering the core particle. The coating layer includes diantimony pentoxide-containing particles.

Abstract: A carrier is provided that includes a core particle and a coating layer coating the core particle. The coating layer includes a resin and chargeable inorganic fine particles, and has voids. The resin has an average film thickness of 0.10 ?m or larger and smaller than 0.45 ?m. The coating layer has a porosity of 0.1% or higher and lower than 2.8%, when the porosity expressed by the following equation: Porosity [%]=S1/S2×100 where, on a cross section of the coating layer, S1 represents a cross sectional area of the voids and S2 represents a cross sectional area of the resin.

Abstract: A developing apparatus includes an electrostatic latent image bearer, a developing sleeve, a case, and an air filter. The case accommodates a two-component developer and the developing sleeve. The air filter is attached to the case. The air filter has a thickness of 2 to 20 mm and has a density gradient with a pressure loss of 2 to 40 Pa at a wind speed of 10 cm/s. The air filter forms an airflow sucked into the case from a gap between the developing sleeve and the case and forms an airflow discharged from the case through the air filter. The two-component developer accommodated in the case contains a magnetic particle a surface of which is coated with a resin layer. The resin layer contains at least one type of chargeable particle.

Abstract: A carrier for forming an electrophotographic image is provided. The carrier comprises a core particle and a coating layer coating the core particle. The coating layer contains a conductive component comprising an element A, and a coating resin comprising an element B. The element A is undetected in the coating resin by an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer, and the element B is undetected in the conductive component by the energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. A standard deviation of a value A/B is 0.4 or less, where the value A/B is a ratio of the element A to the element B in intensity measured by the energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer.

Abstract: A carrier for developing an electrostatic latent image is provided. The carrier comprises a core particle having an internal void ratio of from 0.0% to 2.0% and a coating layer coating the core particle. The coating layer contains flat chargeable particles satisfying Formula 1 blow: 1.0?R1/R2?3.0??Formula 1 where R1 [nm] and R2 [nm] represent a major axis and a thickness, respectively, of each of the flat chargeable particles. The carrier has an apparent density of from 2.0 to 2.5 g/cm3.

Abstract: A carrier can be used for forming an electrophotographic image. The carrier contains a core particle and a coating layer coating the core particle. The coating layer contains a chargeable particle. The carder has an internal void ratio of 0.0% or greater but less than 2.0%, and an apparent density of 2.0 g/cm3 or greater but less than 2.5 g/cm3.

Abstract: A carrier for forming an electrophotographic image is provided. The carrier comprises a core particle and a coating layer coating the core particle. The coating layer contains chargeable particles and a dispersant. The carrier has an apparent density of from 2.0 g/cm3 or greater but less than 2.5 g/cm3.

Abstract: A carrier for forming an electrophotographic image is provided. The carrier includes a core particle comprising a manganese-based ferrite particle having an apparent density of from 2.0 to 2.2 g/cm3 and a magnetization of from 44 to 52 emu/g in a magnetic field of 500 Oe; and a coating layer coating a surface of the core particle. The coating layer contains a carbon black, an inorganic particle A, and an inorganic particle B. The inorganic particle A and the carbon black each have a concentration gradient in a thickness direction of the coating layer. A concentration of the inorganic particle A increases toward a surface of the coating layer, and a concentration of the carbon black decreases toward the surface of the coating layer.

Abstract: A carrier for forming an electrophotographic image is provided. The carrier includes a core particle comprising a manganese-based ferrite particle having an apparent density of from 2.0 to 2.2 g/cm3 and a magnetization of from 44 to 52 emu/g in a magnetic field of 500 Oe; and a coating layer coating a surface of the core particle. The coating layer contains a carbon black, an inorganic particle A, and an inorganic particle B. The inorganic particle A and the carbon black each have a concentration gradient in a thickness direction of the coating layer. A concentration of the inorganic particle A increases toward a surface of the coating layer, and a concentration of the carbon black decreases toward the surface of the coating layer.

Abstract: Provided is a carrier for a developer of an electrostatic latent image, the carrier including a core particle, and a resin layer covering the core particle, where the resin layer includes metal compound particles, wherein the metal compound particles include magnesium compound particles or barium compound particles, and an exposed amount B (atomic %) of the magnesium or the barium on a surface of the carrier particle satisfies a relationship below: 10.0?B ?1.2.

Abstract: A carrier is provided including a core particle and a resin layer coating the surface of the core particle. The resin layer includes fine metal particles, and a detected metal element amount A obtained by X-ray photoelectron spectrometry of the surface of the carrier is in a range of 4.0 atomic %?A?20.0 atomic % and an average major-axis length B of the fine metal particle exposing from the resin layer is in a range of 100 nm?B?800 nm.

Abstract: A toner for electrophotography, which contains a binder resin, and a release agent, wherein a maximum value of loss tangent of the toner at 95° C. to 115° C. is 8 or greater, as a viscoelasticity of the toner is measured, where the loss tangent is represented by the following formula: Loss tangent (tan ?)=loss elastic modulus (G?)/storage elastic modulus (G?).