Abstract: The electrophotographic roller has a surface layer comprising an electro-conductive elastic layer on an electro-conductive substrate. The opening of a bowl-shaped resin particle is exposed on the surface of the electrophotographic roller. The number of contact portions of the convex portion with the glass plate in a square region where a length of a nip in a direction along the circumferential direction of the electrophotographic roller of a nip formed by pressing the roller on the glass plate with a specific load applied as the length of one side and is located at any position in the nip is 8 or more. The average value of the areas of the contact portions is 10 ?m2 to 111 ?m2. The variation coefficient of the areas of the contact portions and the variation coefficient D of the areas of a plurality of Voronoi regions each including a contact portion satisfy specific relationships.

Abstract: A charging member is provided having an electroconductive substrate, and a resin layer on the substrate, in which the charging member has an area on the surface of the charging member, the area including a compound represented by the following formula (1),

Abstract: The electrophotographic roller has a surface layer comprising an electro-conductive elastic layer on an electro-conductive substrate. The opening of a bowl-shaped resin particle is exposed on the surface of the electrophotographic roller. The number of contact portions of the convex portion with the glass plate in a square region where a length of a nip in a direction along the circumferential direction of the electrophotographic roller of a nip formed by pressing the roller on the glass plate with a specific load applied as the length of one side and is located at any position in the nip is 8 or more. The average value of the areas of the contact portions is 10 ?m2 to 111 ?m2. The variation coefficient of the areas of the contact portions and the variation coefficient D of the areas of a plurality of Voronoi regions each including a contact portion satisfy specific relationships.

Abstract: A charging member which has high charging ability and prevents generation of abnormal discharge is provided. The charging member includes a support and a surface layer. The surface layer contains a polymetalloxane having a specific structure.

Abstract: Provided is a charging member that suppresses the occurrence of abnormal discharge under low temperature and low humidity. The charging member includes a support and a surface layer on the support, and the surface layer contains a compound represented by the following formula (a), (b), (c), or (d).

Abstract: A charging member is provided which can prevent electrostatic adhesion of a toner and/or an external additive of the toner to the surface of the charging member, and exhibits stable charging performance during long-term use. The charging member comprises a support, and a surface layer on the support, and the surface layer comprises a polymetalloxane containing at least one metal atom selected from the group consisting of aluminum, titanium, zirconium and tantalum, and a specific group which is bonded to the at least one metal atom in the polymetalloxane.

Abstract: There is provided a charging member capable of preventing the occurrence of abnormal discharge at low temperature and low humidity, and capable of preventing the occurrence of an image defect due to abrasion. The charging member includes a support and a surface layer on the support, and the surface layer contains a specific compound.

Abstract: Provided is a method of producing a member for electrophotography capable of providing a high-quality electrophotographic image.

Abstract: There is provided a charging member capable of preventing the occurrence of abnormal discharge at low temperature and low humidity, and capable of preventing the occurrence of an image defect due to abrasion. The charging member includes a support and a surface layer on the support, and the surface layer contains a specific compound.

Abstract: A charging member is provided which can prevent electrostatic adhesion of a toner and/or an external additive of the toner to the surface of the charging member, and exhibits stable charging performance during long-term use. The charging member comprises a support, and a surface layer on the support, and the surface layer comprises a polymetalloxane containing at least one metal atom selected from the group consisting of aluminum, titanium, zirconium and tantalum, and a specific group which is bonded to the at least one metal atom in the polymetalloxane.

Abstract: Provided is a charging member exhibiting a stable charging performance even by long-term use. The charging member includes a support and a surface layer on the support, and the surface layer contains a magnesium oxide particle, and a compound having a specified structure.

Abstract: A charging member which has high charging ability and prevents generation of abnormal discharge is provided. The charging member includes a support and a surface layer. The surface layer contains a polymetalloxane having a specific structure.

Abstract: A charging member is provided having an electroconductive substrate, and a resin layer on the substrate, in which the charging member has an area on the surface of the charging member, the area including a compound represented by the following formula (1),

Abstract: A charging member includes a support and a surface layer. The surface layer contains a first compound and a second compound different from the first compound. The first compound is a polysiloxane having at least one unit selected from the group consisting of SiO4/2(Q) unit, SiO3/2(T) unit, and SiO2/2(D) unit. The second compound is an acrylic polymer having a quaternary ammonium group and a group having an organosiloxane bond.

Abstract: Provided is a charging member that suppresses the occurrence of abnormal discharge under low temperature and low humidity. The charging member includes a support and a surface layer on the support, and the surface layer contains a compound represented by the following formula (a), (b), (c), or (d).

Abstract: There is provided a charging member having charging performance that is not easily changed even by long-term use. The charging member includes an electro-conductive support, an elastic layer, and a surface layer. The elastic layer contains particles in such a manner that at least a part of the particles are exposed from the elastic layer, and thus a surface of the elastic layer is roughened. The particles are high-molecular-weight polyethylene particles. The surface of the elastic layer is covered with the surface layer in such a manner that the surface shape of the elastic layer is reflected in the surface shape of the charging member. The surface layer contains a high-molecular compound having a specific constitutional unit.

Abstract: The present invention provides a charging member that suppresses abnormal discharge which induces charging unevenness, and that has little contamination on a surface layer, to thereby enable uniform charging over a long period. The charging member includes a substrate, an elastic layer and a surface layer, wherein the surface layer contains a polymer compound having constitutional units represented by the following general formula (1), chemical formula (2) and general formula (3), and having a Si—O—Ti bond, a Ti—O-M bond and a Si—O-M bond. M is any atom selected from the group consisting of V, Nb and W.

Abstract: Provided is a charging member whose surface is suppressed to adhesion of toner or an external additive and is not contaminated easily, and which is less likely to occur a track due to the contact between the charging member and a photosensitive member in an electrophotographic image. The charging member comprises a support, an elastic layer, and a surface layer, wherein the surface layer comprises: a constitutional unit represented by the following general formula (1); a constitutional unit represented by the following general formula (2); a polymer compound having a bond of Si—O—Ti; and phenyl-modified silicone oil having a particular structure.

Abstract: Provided is a method of producing a member for electrophotography capable of providing a high-quality electrophotographic image.

Abstract: There is provided a charging member having charging performance that is not easily changed even by long-term use. The charging member includes an electro-conductive support, an elastic layer, and a surface layer. The elastic layer contains particles in such a manner that at least a part of the particles are exposed from the elastic layer, and thus a surface of the elastic layer is roughened. The particles are high-molecular-weight polyethylene particles. The surface of the elastic layer is covered with the surface layer in such a manner that the surface shape of the elastic layer is reflected in the surface shape of the charging member. The surface layer contains a high-molecular compound having a specific constitutional unit.