Abstract: The base oil for the refrigerating machine oil used with a carbon dioxide refrigerant of the invention is characterized by comprising a complete ester of a fatty acid in which the proportion of C14-C22 branched fatty acid is 40-100% by mole and a polyhydric alcohol. The refrigerating machine oil used with a carbon dioxide refrigerant according to the invention is characterized by comprising the base oil for the refrigerating machine oil used with a carbon dioxide refrigerant according to the invention. The base oil for the refrigerating machine oil used with a carbon dioxide refrigerant and the refrigerating machine oil used with a carbon dioxide refrigerant according to the invention, when used together with a carbon dioxide refrigerant, exhibit excellent stability and electrical insulating properties, and have suitable compatibility with refrigerants while allowing adequate lubricity to be exhibited without increasing the viscosity of the base oil.

Abstract: The base oil for the refrigerating machine oil used with a carbon dioxide refrigerant of the invention is characterized by comprising a complete ester of a fatty acid in which the proportion of C14-C22 branched fatty acid is 40-100% by mole and a polyhydric alcohol. The refrigerating machine oil used with a carbon dioxide refrigerant according to the invention is characterized by comprising the base oil for the refrigerating machine oil used with a carbon dioxide refrigerant according to the invention. The base oil for the refrigerating machine oil used with a carbon dioxide refrigerant and the refrigerating machine oil used with a carbon dioxide refrigerant according to the invention, when used together with a carbon dioxide refrigerant, exhibit excellent stability and electrical insulating properties, and have suitable compatibility with refrigerants while allowing adequate lubricity to be exhibited without increasing the viscosity of the base oil.

Abstract: A detergent composition for cleaning a precision part, comprising an organic solvent, 5 to 30% by weight of a glyceryl ether having an alkyl group or alkenyl group having 4 to 12 carbon atoms, and 5% by weight or more of water. The detergent composition can be used for cleaning a precision part such as a metal part, an electronic part, a semiconductor part or a liquid crystal display panel.

Abstract: A detergent composition for cleaning a precision part, comprising an organic solvent, 5 to 30% by weight of a glyceryl ether having an alkyl group or alkenyl group having 4 to 12 carbon atoms, and 5% by weight or more of water. The detergent composition can be used for cleaning a precision part such as a metal part, an electronic part, a semiconductor part or a liquid crystal display panel.

Abstract: Disclosed is an inexpensive, bright, compact, lightweight, high-definition projection-type display device that has a comparatively simple structure but satisfies demands for oblique projection, uniform illumination, a deep focal depth, and magnified projection over a short distance.

Abstract: A water-dispersible oil composition for hot rolling aluminum or aluminum alloys having excellent lubricity and emulsion stability and which minimizes heat deterioration over prolonged periods of time contains the following components (a) to (d): (a) a mineral oil, (b) 3 to 30% by weight of a fatty acid or its monoesters, or oils and fats, (c) 0.5 to 10% by weight of a C.sub.4 -C.sub.18 alkyl or alkenyl phosphoric (or phosphorous) acid ester, and (d) 0.1 to 10% by weight of a salt between a polymer and an organic acid salt, wherein the polymer has an average molecular weight of 10,000 to 1,000,000 and is a copolymer of a monomer represented by formula (1): ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is H or Me, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are independently H or C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl, m is an integer of 0 or 1, and n is an integer of 1, 2 or 3, and (meth) acrylamide and/or a (meth) acrylic acid salt. Rolled aluminum or aluminum alloy products having excellent surface quality can be obtained using this composition.

Abstract: Movement of a fluid such as air is produced by rotating about a rotational axis a plurality of flow generating plates arranged in parallel with clearances therebetween. The clearances between adjacent flow generating plates for producing the movement of the fluid most effectively only by an adhesion of the fluid to the flow generating plates are set to be twice a value of a distance of an intermediate portion between the surface of the flow generating plate contacting a portion of the fluid in a close boundary layer which is rotated and moved substantially together with the flow generating plate and a remote fluid boundary layer which is substantially not influenced by centrifugal force due to the rotation of the flow generating plate. In the case of air, the clearances are about 0.5 mm. It is preferred to form the flow generating plate so as to have a waved surface for improving the flow generating efficiency.

Abstract: A lighting device having a light source L and a reflector R positioned behind the light source is disclosed in which a three-dimensional configuration is given to the reflector R with the aid of the computer so that it can provide a particular reflection pattern to the light reflected by the reflector R. Due to a particular curvature or configuration of the reflecting surface of the reflector R, the light rays emanating from the light source and reflected at any point on the reflecting surface intersect or cut across each other at innumerable different points in space. Further, the reflector is provided with a three-dimensional curvature or shape so that it can give the incident light rays a preselected luminous flux distribution. The lighting device is adapted for application in a variety of uses enabled by its special reflection paths of light rays.

Abstract: When light rays (L.sub.1, L.sub.2) from any arbitrary directions arrive at the surface of incidence (3) at one end of a main body (2) made of a transparent glass or plastic, they are successively totally reflected internally by opposite reflecting surfaces (5a, 5b) of the main body (2) such that an angle formed between each light ray and the perpendicular to the reflecting surface gradually approaches to a critical angle .delta..sub.0 and the light rays are taken out of the main body through light emerging surfaces (5a, 5b, 4). The light rays taken out of the main body (2) through the light emerging surfaces are given greater components in directions parallal to the longitudinal direction of the main body (2) than the incident light rays (L.sub.1, L.sub.2). Therefore, light rays from all directions, incident to the surface of incidence (3), after being caused to pass through the main body (2), are given substantially equal directivities.

Abstract: When light rays (L.sub.1, L.sub.2) from any arbitrary directions arrive at the surface of incidence (3) at one end of a main body (2) made of a transparent glass or plastic, they are successively totally reflected internally by opposite reflecting surfaces (5a, 5b) of the main body (2) such that an angle formed between each light ray and the perpendicular to the reflecting surface gradually approaches to a critical angle .delta..sub.0 and the light rays are taken out of the main body through light emerging surfaces (5a, 5b, 4). The light rays taken out of the main body (2) through the light emerging surfaces are given greater components in directions parallel to the longitudinal direction of the main body (2) than the incident light rays (L.sub.1, L.sub.2). Therefore, light rays from all directions, incident to the surface of incidence (3), after being caused to pass through the main body (2), are given substantially equal directivities.

Abstract: A light source is disposed and spaced apart from a display surface and the light from the light source is changed into the light rays having a substantially uniform distribution of luminous flux density by a light control device such as a mirror having a specially designed configuration before the light reaches the display surface. An image generation device such as a transmission type liquid crystal image generation device is inserted in the path of the light rays having a substantially uniform distribution of luminous flux density, and the such light rays transmitted through the image generation device forms an image on the display surface with uniform intensity of illumination. In order to form a color image, three optical systems as above corresponding to the three red, green and blue primary colors are provided and the lights from the three primary color light sources are transmitted with a time difference to an image generation device.

Abstract: A lighting device having a light source L and a reflector R positioned behind the light source is disclosed in which a three-dimensional configuration is given to the reflector R with the aid of the computer so that it can provide a particular reflection pattern to the light reflected by the reflector R. Due to a particular curvature or configuration of the reflecting surface of the reflector R, the light rays emanating from the light source and reflected at any point on the reflecting surface intersect or cut across each other at innumerable different points in space. Further, the reflector is provided with a three-dimensional curvature or shape so that it can give the incident light rays a preselected luminous flux distribution. The lighting device is adapted for application in a variety of uses enabled by its special reflection paths of light rays.

Abstract: A light source (L) is disposed on an optical axis (O--O) and a first reflecting mirror (M.sub.1) and a second reflecting mirror (M.sub.2) are fixedly provided adjacent to the optical axis. For instance, each of these first and second reflecting mirrors is defined by a surface of revolution of a curved line generated around the optical axis (L). The first reflecting mirror (M.sub.1) has such a three-dimensional configuration that a uniform distribution of the light rays reflected thereby is obtained. The second reflecting mirror (M.sub.2) has such a three-dimensional configuration that the light rays reflected from the first reflecting mirror (M.sub.1) is reflected by the second reflecting mirror (M.sub.2) so as to converge at one point (13) on the axis (O--O). Therefore, the light rays are emitted from the one point (13) with a predetermined directivity.

Abstract: A three dimensional light control lens (2, 2A, 2B) of special configuration is fitted on the outer surface of a cylindrical or spherical light source (1, 1A, 1B) so as to cover at least a part thereof directly. A light coming out of the light source is transmitted through the light control lens and emitted. The light control lens (2, 2A, 2B) is of such three-dimensional shape as to control the luminous flux from the light source (1, 1A, 1B) to have a predetermined distribution and range of incidence. Typically, the sectional shape of the light control lens taken along a plane including the luminous flux which has passed therethrough is such as to have a pair of swelled portions (2a) protruding in the direction away from the light source, and a recessed portion (2c) recessed on the side counter to the light source between the swelled portions, the swelled portions (2a and 2a) and the recessed portion (2c) having a shape bounded and defined by a smoothly continuous curve.

Abstract: In order to form a minute light shielding film at a specific portion of an uneven surface of an object such as a Fresnel lens, a Fresnel plate, or a compound lens and more particularly of an optical-path-varying element, a photosensitive film (10) is previously applied onto the uneven surface and is irradiated with the light rays (11) emitted from an obliquely disposed light source. As a result, the surface of the ridge portion of the uneven surface which faces the light source is exposed to the light rays, while the remaining surface which does not face the light source is left unexposed to the light rays, whereby the portion (10a) of the light sensitive film exposed to light rays or that (10b) unexposed to light rays changes its properties.

Abstract: A transparent Fresnel plate having an outer face on which a large number of prisms having the form of minute ridges having sloped faces are disposed in parallel arrangement is used for changing the width and direction of light. Of sunlight projected onto the face where the ridges exist, light reflected by the sloped faces of the ridges becomes small in width and, at the same time, advances in a direction deviating from the direction of the projected light. In the path of this reflected light, a reflecting device for reflecting the same again toward a specific position or a device for collecting the energy of the reflected light is provided. The Fresnel plate, furthermore, can be used for receiving sunlight and introducing it into the interior of a house. In this case, sunlight rays of narrow width can be changed in light rays of broad width. The Fresnel plate can be used also as a blind or as a reflecting mirror for special uses.

Abstract: This invention is a plate for removing surface reflection from visual fields. The glare removal plate is installed at the front face of an object such as a meter of a motor vehicle, a measuring instrument, or the like, a television picture screen surface, a show window, or a photograph to remove outside light out of the field of vision of a person viewing the object. Both the front face and the back face thereof having wave-like surfaces as though small prisms are connected successively. The invention is so adapted that, not only the above described removal of outside light out of visual fields occurs, but also it is difficult for coloration due to color separation and image shifting to occur.

Abstract: A device for controlling light images has a light source forming a light spot or light spot group, a reflection device positioned relative to said light source for receiving all of the light rays from the light source and reflecting the light rays, and a light direction changing surface positioned relative to the reflection device for receiving the reflected light rays from the reflection device. The reflection device has a generally planar or curved fresnel mirror type reflecting surface having thereon a plurality of minute prism-shaped elements disposed in minute parallel ridges, or a specially curved surface. The angles of the surfaces of the ridges or the curved surface causes the light to be reflected therefrom in non-parallel directions for spreading the light rays in a uniform light intensity distribution on the light direction changing surface.

Abstract: A heat engine which has a cylinder, a piston freely reciprocally slidable within the cylinder, a casing enclosing the cylinder and having a space therewithin surrounding the outside of the cylinder, the space having axial end portions respectively communicating with the spaces in the cylinder space on opposite ends of the piston, and the casing having a bearing wall part at one axial end thereof. A mass of incompressible fluid fills the interior of the cylinder and the space and is a fluid which undergoes volumetric variation with temperature variation. A piston rod fixed to the piston extends axially of the cylinder outward through the bearing wall part, and an output displacement member in the form of a sleeve is fitted slidably around and coaxially slidable on the piston rod and extending slidably and sealingly through the bearing wall part.

Abstract: A heat engine using as the working medium a non-compressible substance such as a liquid or a solid. The non-compressible substance in an enclosure is moved alternately relative to and between a high temperature zone and a low temperature zone to undergo expansion and contraction, which are transmitted directly or indirectly as mechanical displacement by an output piston. As the non-compressible substance, polyethylene or paraffin is most desirable.