Abstract: An internal combustion engine (1) causes an air-fuel mixture produced in a combustion chamber (23) to burn by means of ignition using a spark plug (24). A programmable controller (20) calculates a reaction probability expressing the combustibility of the air-fuel mixture inside the combustion chamber (23) and the combustion rate of the air-fuel mixture on the basis of the operating conditions of the engine 1 (S13, S27, S32). An air-fuel mixture combustion period is calculated on the basis of the volume of the combustion chamber at the combustion start timing, the reaction probability, and the combustion rate (S29, S34). On the basis of this combustion period, a target ignition timing of the spark plug (24) can be accurately set under a small calculation load.

Abstract: A camshaft rotational phase detecting apparatus for an engine provided with a variable valve timing control mechanism which controls a camshaft rotational phase of an engine valve to a target camshaft rotational phase by varying a rotational phase of a camshaft relative to a crankshaft. The camshaft rotational phase detecting apparatus is configured to detect a camshaft rotational phase as a detected camshaft rotational phase based on a signal from a sensor. In the apparatus, the detected camshaft rotational phase is substituted with a maintained rotational phase for a predetermined period and is substituted with a target camshaft rotational phase after a lapse of the predetermined period, when the camshaft rotational phase is not detected. In the apparatus, the maintained rotational phase is set corresponding to the detected camshaft rotational phase detected before a timing that the camshaft rotational phase is not detected.

Abstract: Novel N-substituted pyrrolidine derivatives having a highly selective and potent antagonism against smooth muscle muscarine receptors and being useful for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome and the like, characterized by being represented by general formula (1) wherein R represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or a lower alkoxy group and a process for preparing the same.

Abstract: A resin composition for use in a solder resist ink, said composition comprising as essential ingredients(A) an epoxy vinyl ester resin solution obtained by dissolving (A-a) an epoxy vinyl ester resin obtained by reacting a phenol novolak-type epoxy resin and/or a cresol novolak-type epoxy resin with 0.40 to 0.85 mol, per epoxy group of the epoxy resin, of an unsaturated monobasic acid in (A-b) an organic and/or (A-c) at least one photopolymerizable polyfunctional vinyl monomer selected from the group consisting trifunctional or higher polyoxyalkylene glycol poly(meth)acrylates, poly(meth)acrylates of polyoxyalkyl isocyanurates and poly(meth)acrylates of acetal compounds,(B) a photopolymerization initiator, and(C) a curing agent of an amino group and/or imino group-containing epoxy resin.