Abstract: A motor generator control system includes: a motor generator; a drive current control unit configured to perform feedback control so that a driving force at a time of power running or the driving force at a time of regeneration of the motor generator is a target driving force; a current coordinate control unit configured to output a d-axis current value and a q-axis current value to the drive current control unit; and a strong field control unit configured to perform strong field control of setting a field to be stronger than a field strength at which a maximum efficiency is obtained. When the strong field control is performed during the regeneration, the motor generator control system executes current consumption control of performing the feedback control by changing the d-axis current value and the q-axis current value so that the driving force is smaller than the target driving force.

Abstract: A motor generator control system includes: a motor generator; a drive current control unit configured to perform feedback control so that a driving force at a time of power running or the driving force at a time of regeneration of the motor generator is a target driving force; a current coordinate control unit configured to output a d-axis current value and a q-axis current value to the drive current control unit; and a strong field control unit configured to perform strong field control of setting a field to be stronger than a field strength at which a maximum efficiency is obtained. When the strong field control is performed during the regeneration, the motor generator control system executes current consumption control of performing the feedback control by changing the d-axis current value and the q-axis current value so that the driving force is smaller than the target driving force.

Abstract: A circuit board for a non-combustion flavor inhaler includes a substrate and an electrically conductive ink pattern printed on the substrate. The substrate includes paper. A percentage weight loss of the paper from room temperature to 290° C. is less than 20% of a percentage weight loss of the paper from room temperature to 900° C. under a condition that allows air to flow at a flow rate of 100 mL/min while elevating a temperature of the air at a speed of 10° C./min.

Abstract: A paper for smoking articles containing cellulose fibers, and being made by adding cellulose nanofibers and filler particles serving as an absorbent or a catalyst, wherein primary particles of the filler particles have an average particle diameter of 1 ?m or less.

Abstract: A circuit board for a non-combustion flavor inhaler includes a substrate and an electrically conductive ink pattern printed on the substrate. The substrate includes paper. A percentage weight loss of the paper from room temperature to 290° C. is less than 20% of a percentage weight loss of the paper from room temperature to 900° C. under a condition that allows air to flow at a flow rate of 100 mL/min while elevating a temperature of the air at a speed of 10° C./min.

Abstract: A paper for smoking articles containing cellulose fibers, and being made by adding cellulose nanofibers and filler particles serving as an absorbent or a catalyst, wherein primary particles of the filler particles have an average particle diameter of 1 ?m or less.

Abstract: A tobacco product produced by wrapping cut tobacco with a pouch or a cigarette paper, wherein the pouch or the cigarette paper has an inner layer and an outer layer, and a paper of the outer layer has an air permeability higher than that of a paper of the inner layer.

Abstract: A brushless motor control apparatus of a brushless motor which includes a permanent magnet type rotor and a stator, and which applies a harmonic voltage to a winding of the stator and measures the position of the rotor from the motor electrical current which is generated by the high frequency voltage, including an electrical current command control device which, in a magnetic pole discrimination procedure which discriminates the orientation of a magnetic pole of the rotor, varies a field electrical current command value based upon the position of the rotor.

Abstract: A control apparatus for a brushless DC motor that rotatably drives the brushless DC motor including a rotor having a permanent magnet, and a stator having stator windings of a plurality of phases that generate a rotating magnetic field for rotating the rotor, by a current passage switching device constituted by a plurality of switching elements and performing successive commutation of current to the stator windings. The control apparatus includes: an angular error calculation device for calculating a sine value and a cosine value of an angular difference between an estimated rotation angle with respect to the rotation angle of the rotor and an actual rotation angle, based on a line voltage that is a difference between phase voltages of the plurality of phases on an input side of the stator winding and phase currents of the plurality of phases; and an observer for calculating the rotation angle of the rotor based on the sine value and the cosine value of the angular difference.

Abstract: A brushless motor control apparatus of a brushless motor which includes a permanent magnet type rotor and a stator, and which applies a harmonic voltage to a winding of the stator and measures the position of the rotor from the motor electrical current which is generated by the high frequency voltage, including an electrical current command control device which, in a magnetic pole discrimination procedure which discriminates the orientation of a magnetic pole of the rotor, varies a field electrical current command value based upon the position of the rotor.

Abstract: A control apparatus for a brushless DC motor that rotatably drives the brushless DC motor including a rotor having a permanent magnet, and a stator having stator windings of a plurality of phases that generate a rotating magnetic field for rotating the rotor, by a current passage switching device constituted by a plurality of switching elements and performing successive commutation of current to the stator windings. The control apparatus includes: an angular error calculation device for calculating a sine value and a cosine value of an angular difference between an estimated rotation angle with respect to the rotation angle of the rotor and an actual rotation angle, based on a line voltage that is a difference between phase voltages of the plurality of phases on an input side of the stator winding and phase currents of the plurality of phases; and an observer for calculating the rotation angle of the rotor based on the sine value and the cosine value of the angular difference.

Abstract: A method of fixing a flavorant for improving the small of a sidestream smoke of tobacco. This method includes applying, to tobacco wrapper paper, a tobacco sidestream smoke smell-improving agent including an ethanol or propylene glycol solution of the flavorant added to an emulsion of an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer having an ethylene content of 30% by weight or less, the emulsion having a solid content of 10 to 60% by weight, and drying it to fix the flavorant to the wrapper paper. The ethanol solution of the flavorant is added to the emulsion such that an amount of ethanol is 40% by weight or less with respect to 100% by weight of the emulsion, while the propylene glycol of the flavorant is added to the emulsion such that an amount of propylene glycol is 11% by weight or less with respect to 100% by weight of the emulsion.

Abstract: A cigarette paper having a sidestream smoke smell-improving agent including a lactone in its free state, or a salt of a hydroxy acid corresponding to the lactone, as well as a cigarette wrapped by the cigarette paper. The salt of the hydroxy acid can be an alkali metal salt or an alkaline earth metal salt. The lactone can be a lactone having five or more ring members. The lactone can be a &ggr;-lactone or a &dgr;-lactone.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor highly sensitive to laser light, which is capable of forming an image without forming an interference fringe and a coating liquid for a charge generating layer for forming the same are provided, and the photoreceptor is produced with excellent coating properties and high electric characteristics at a low cost. The electrophotographic photoreceptor comprises an electroconductive support and a photosensitive layer thereon having a charge generating layer containing TiOPc as a charge generating material and having a Y value by a color measuring apparatus of 37 or less, and particularly 35 or less, and a charge transporting layer, accumulated thereon, containing a charge transporting material. In an X-ray diffraction spectrum, the TiOPc has major diffraction peaks at Bragg angles (2&thgr;±0.2°) of 7.3°, 9.4°, 9.6°, 11.6°, 13.3°, 17.9°, 24.1° and 27.2°, and in particular, the diffraction peaks at the Bragg angles (2&thgr;±0.

Abstract: A method of fixing a flavorant for improving the small of a sidestream smoke of tobacco. This method includes applying, to tobacco wrapper paper, a tobacco sidestream smoke smell-improving agent including an ethanol or propylene glycol solution of the flavorant added to an emulsion of an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer having an ethylene content of 30% by weight or less, the emulsion having a solid content of 10 to 60% by weight, and drying it to fix the flavorant to the wrapper paper. The ethanol solution of the flavorant is added to the emulsion such that an amount of ethanol is 40% by weight or less with respect to 100% by weight of the emulsion, while the propylene glycol of the flavorant is added to the emulsion such that an amount of propylene glycol is 11% by weight or less with respect to 100% by weight of the emulsion.

Abstract: An object of the invention is to improve the photosensitivity characteristics, characteristics on repeated use and stability of a photoreceptor. A photosensitive layer formed on a conductive support of a photoreceptor contains crystalline oxotitanylphthalocyanine having major peaks in an X-ray diffraction spectrum at Bragg angles (2&thgr;±0.2°) of 7.3°, 9.4°, 9.6°, 11.6°, 13.3°, 17,9°, 24.1° and 27.2°, wherein a peak bundle formed by overlapping the peaks at 9.4° and 9.6° is the largest peak, and the peak at 27.2° is the secondary largest peak as a charge generating substance. Furthermore, it contains a bisamine compound, an N,N′-bisenamine compound, a styryl compound, an amine-hydrazone compound, a benzofuran-bishydrazone compound, a bisenamine compound, a benzofuran-bishydrazone compound or a benzofuran-bis-cyclic hydrazone compound represented by the particular structural formulae as a charge transporting substance.

Abstract: A crystalline titanyl phthalocyanine having diffraction peaks at least at 7.4.degree., 9.4.degree., 9.7.degree. and 27.3.degree. of Bragg angle (20.+-.0.2.degree.) in X-ray diffraction pattern with a doublet peak at 9.4.degree. or 9.7.degree., one of the diffraction peaks at 9.4.degree. and 9.7.degree. being the maximum.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a uniform film, in which the electrical characteristics are not deteriorated over an extended period of time without causing abrasion, scratches and film defects on the surface of the photoreceptor by the contact with toner, a developer, paper and a cleaning blade and which can repeatedly be used. The electrophotographic photoreceptor has a conductive support and a photoconductive layer provided on the above conductive support, and the photoconductive layer contains a charge-generating material, a charge-transporting material and a binder resin having no or one glass transition point.

Abstract: A semiconductor apparatus is provided which includes a semiconductor chip on its one plane with a plurality of terminal electrodes, which are divided into a plurality of bundles, a bump provided on one of the bundles of terminal electrodes, a connect member of heat conductivity having a plane connected with the plane of the bump, and other connect members for connecting the other bundles of terminal electrodes regardless of the connect member. As a result, the terminal resistance of the semiconductor apparatus is considerably reduced.

Abstract: A semiconductor device is disclosed.