Abstract: An aligner which enables a uniform close contact between a photo mask and a printed circuit board is provided. The aligner includes: a photo mask (20) provided with tapered portions (21); a mask holder (2) for supporting the photo mask (20) at the tapered portions; a copy frame (1) for supporting the mask holder (2); a load regulating system (3); and a Z-axis moving system (8) having supporting arms (80) on which the mask holder (2) is placed through the load regulating system (3); and a guide system (4) having a guide shaft (40), so that the photo mask (20) can be moved relative to a printed circuit board (B) while maintaining the position in X and Y directions by the guidance of the guide system (4). The photo mask (20) closely contacts with a printed circuit board (B) by a tare weight of the copy frame (1), mask holder (2), and the photo mask (20), and the contact pressure is regulated by the load regulating system (3).

Abstract: The invention provides an aligner enabling to perform high accuracy positioning at manufacturing a multi-layered circuit board. A board alignment mark is photographed by a CCD camera by irradiating X-ray from an X-ray generator at the state removing a photo mask, and position of the board alignment mark is memorized. Then, the photo mask is set on a print circuit board, a mask alignment mark is photographed, and positioning of the mask alignment mark and the print circuit board is performed by comparing with position of memorized board alignment mark and by moving a platen so that the gap becomes zero.

Abstract: An aligner which enables a uniform close contact between a photo mask and a printed circuit board is provided. The aligner includes: a photo mask (20) provided with tapered portions (21); a mask holder (2) for supporting the photo mask (20) at the tapered portions; a copy frame (1) for supporting the mask holder (2); a load regulating system (3); and a Z-axis moving system (8) having supporting arms (80) on which the mask holder (2) is placed through the load regulating system (3); and a guide system (4) having a guide shaft (40), so that the photo mask (20) can be moved relative to a printed circuit board (B) while maintaining the position in X and Y directions by the guidance of the guide system (4). The photo mask (20) closely contacts with a printed circuit board (B) by a tare weight of the copy frame (1), mask holder (2), and the photo mask (20), and the contact pressure is regulated by the load regulating system (3).

Abstract: There is provided an aligner that improves contact between a glass mask and an object to be exposed. In one preferred mode, a pressure glass 3 is set at a rear side of a glass mask 1 to form a closed space 4. A pressurized air is introduced from a pressure source 5 into the closed space 4 to raise the pressure of the closed space 4 and expand the glass mask 1 toward the object to be exposed, i.e., a board 50, by which the closeness of the contact between the glass mask 1 and the board 50 improves.

Abstract: The invention provides an aligner enabling to perform high accuracy positioning at manufacturing a multi-layered circuit board. A board alignment mark is photographed by a CCD camera by irradiating X-ray from an X-ray generator at the state removing a photo mask, and position of the board alignment mark is memorized. Then, the photo mask is set on a print circuit board, a mask alignment mark is photographed, and positioning of the mask alignment mark and the print circuit board is performed by comparing with position of memorized board alignment mark and by moving a platen so that the gap becomes zero.

Abstract: An optically active or inactive .beta.-formyl-.beta.-hydroxy ester of the formula (1), ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 represents a C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.10 alkenyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.10 alkynyl, C.sub.6 -C.sub.14 aryl or C.sub.7 -C.sub.14 aralkyl group, R.sup.2 represents a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl group and R.sup.3 represents a hydrogen atom or a C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl group, and a method for producing the same which comprises reacting an optically active or inactive compound of the formula (2), ##STR2## wherein A represents a C.sub.6 -C.sub.14 aryl group and R.sup.1 is as defined above, with an .alpha.-halo ester of the formula (3), ##STR3## wherein X represents a halogen atom and R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are as defined above, in the presence of zinc, followed by hydrolysis, or reacting an ester of the formula (4),R.sup.3 CH.sub.2 COOR.sup.2 (4)wherein R.sup.2 and R.sup.

Abstract: An optically active or racemic .alpha.-hydroxyaldehyde represented by the general formula (2), ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 represents a C.sub.6 -C.sub.14 aryl group, C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl group, C.sub.3 -C.sub.10 alkenyl group, C.sub.2 -C.sub.10 alkynyl group, C.sub.7 -C.sub.14 aralkyl group, or a group containing a functional group in the organic portion of said groups and R.sub.2 represents a C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl group, C.sub.2 -C.sub.10 alkenyl group, C.sub.2 -C.sub.10 alkynyl group, C.sub.7 -C.sub.14 aralkyl group, C.sub.6 -C.sub.14 aryl group, or a group containing a functional group in the organic portion of these groups, which is an important intermediate for preparation of pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals, and prepared by allowing an optically active or racemic compound represented by the general formula (1), ##STR2## (wherein A represents a C.sub.6 -C.sub.14 aryl group or a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl or alkoxy group- or halogen-substituted C.sub.6 -C.sub.14 aryl group and R.sub.

Abstract: An optically active or racemic .alpha.-hydroxyaldehyde represented by the general formula (2), ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 represents a C.sub.6 -C.sub.14 aryl group, C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl group, C.sub.3 -C.sub.10 alkenyl group, C.sub.2 -C.sub.10 alkynyl group, C.sub.7 -C.sub.14 aralkyl group, or a group containing a functional group in the organic portion of said groups and R.sub.2 represents a C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl group, C.sub.2 -C.sub.10 alkenyl group, C.sub.2 -C.sub.10 alkynyl group, C.sub.7 -C.sub.14 aralkyl group, C.sub.6 -C.sub.14 aryl group, or a group containing a functional group in the organic portion of these groups, which is an important intermediate for preparation of pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals, and prepared by allowing an optically active or racemic compound represented by the general formula (1), ##STR2## (wherein A represents a C.sub.6 -C.sub.14 aryl group or a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl or alkoxy group- or halogen-substituted C.sub.6 -C.sub.14 aryl group and R.sub.

Abstract: An optically active or racemic .alpha.-hydroxyaldehyde represented by the general formula (2), ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 represents a C.sub.6 -C.sub.14 aryl group, C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl group, C.sub.3 -C.sub.10 alkenyl group, C.sub.2 -C.sub.10 alkynyl group, C.sub.7 -C.sub.14 aralkyl group, or a group containing a functional group in the organic portion of said groups and R.sub.2 represents a C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 alkyl group, C.sub.2 -C.sub.10 alkenyl group, C.sub.2 -C.sub.10 alkynyl group, C.sub.7-C.sub.14 aralkyl group, C.sub.6 -C.sub.14 aryl group, or a group containing a functional group in the organic portion of these groups, which is an important intermediate for preparation of pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals, and prepared by allowing an optically active or racemic compound represented by the general formula (1), ##STR2## (wherein A represents a C.sub.6 -C.sub.14 aryl group or a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl or alkoxy group- or halogen-substituted C.sub.6 -C.sub.14 aryl group and R.sub.