Abstract: The point source light-emitting diode includes a substrate; an n-type cladding layer; a light emitting layer; a p-type cladding layer; an n-type current confinement layer; a p-type contact layer provided on the n-type current confinement layer; and a p-type electrode having a light emission window concentric with the opening. The window opening width of the light emission window is equal to or larger than an opening width of the opening. The point source light-emitting diode has a hydrogen ion implanted area extending from the p-type contact layer to the light emitting layer in the thickness direction. The light emitting layer has a non-implanted region that has a region width larger than the opening width of the light emission window and is concentric with the light emission window, and a hydrogen ion implanted region enclosing the non-implanted region.

Abstract: The point source light-emitting diode includes a substrate; an n-type cladding layer; a light emitting layer; a p-type cladding layer; an n-type current confinement layer; a p-type contact layer provided on the n-type current confinement layer; and a p-type electrode having a light emission window concentric with the opening. The window opening width of the light emission window is equal to or larger than an opening width of the opening. The point source light-emitting diode has a hydrogen ion implanted area extending from the p-type contact layer to the light emitting layer in the thickness direction. The light emitting layer has a non-implanted region that has a region width larger than the opening width of the light emission window and is concentric with the light emission window, and a hydrogen ion implanted region enclosing the non-implanted region.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a point source type light-emitting diode and a manufacturing method thereof, which simplify a manufacturing process and have superior temperature-dependent characteristic. A point source type light-emitting diode includes a support substrate, a metal layer having a light reflecting surface, a current narrowing layer, a III-V compound semiconductor laminate sequentially having a p-type semiconductor layer, an active layer, and an n-type semiconductor layer, and a top electrode. The top electrode has an opening for ejecting light emitted by the active layer. The current narrowing layer includes a dielectric layer having a through hole and an intermediate electrode. In a projection plane in which the current narrowing layer including the intermediate electrode is projected vertically onto the top electrode, the opening encloses the intermediate electrode, and the dielectric layer encloses the top electrode. The thickness of the p-type semiconductor layer is between 0.5 ?m and 3.

Abstract: A III nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate having more excellent surface flatness is provided, in which the problems of crack formation and the double peaks in the shape of the EL spectrum are mitigated by employing appropriate conditions for Si doping on an AlN layer on a substrate; a III nitride semiconductor light emitting device; and methods of producing the same. A III nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate has a substrate of which at least a surface portion is made of AlN, an undoped AlN layer formed on the substrate, an Si-doped AlN buffer layer formed on the undoped AlN layer, and a superlattice laminate formed on the Si-doped AlN buffer layer. The Si-doped AlN buffer layer has an Si concentration of 2.0×1019/cm3 or more and a thickness of 4 nm to 10 nm.

Abstract: A golf club head includes at least one second score line that is formed such that when a lie angle in a first state where a sole portion is horizontal or substantially horizontal is defined as a first lie angle, the second score line is parallel to a horizontal plane in a second state where a second lie angle that is a lie angle greater than the first lie angle is formed.

Abstract: A III nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate having more excellent surface flatness is provided, in which the problems of crack formation and the double peaks in the shape of the EL spectrum are mitigated by employing appropriate conditions for Si doping on an AlN layer on a substrate; a III nitride semiconductor light emitting device; and methods of producing the same. A III nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate has a substrate of which at least a surface portion is made of AlN, an undoped AlN layer formed on the substrate, an Si-doped AlN buffer layer formed on the undoped AlN layer, and a superlattice laminate formed on the Si-doped AlN buffer layer. The Si-doped AlN buffer layer has an Si concentration of 2.0×1019/cm3 or more and a thickness of 4 nm to 10 nm.

Abstract: A golf club head includes at least one second score line that is formed such that when a lie angle in a first state where a sole portion is horizontal or substantially horizontal is defined as a first lie angle, the second score line is parallel to a horizontal plane in a second state where a second lie angle that is a lie angle greater than the first lie angle is formed.

Abstract: A light-emitting element comprising a substrate; a light-emitting layer disposed above the substrate and emitting a primary light; and, a reflective film disposed between the substrate and the light-emitting layer and formed by at least one layer that reflects the primary light, in which the light-emitting element further comprises a light dispersing multilayered film disposed between the substrate and the reflective film and formed by two or more types of light dispersing layers, and the light dispersing multilayered film multiple-disperses a secondary light into plural wavelengths and discharges the secondary light, which is excited by the primary light passing through the reflective film.

Abstract: A novel vertical resonator type light emitting diode of which has a simplified structure of the reflector layer of its light emitting side an which is resistant to declination of its emission output power towards a high temperature range, has an active layer 5, and a first reflector layer 3 at its light reflecting side and a second reflector layer 9 at its light emitting side which are formed to sandwich the active later 5 between them, wherein each of the first reflector layer 3 and the second reflector layer 9 is structured to comprise a plurality of pairs of two alternate semiconductor layers formed which are different from each other in refractive index, and the second reflector layer 9 has a number of such pairs which is not less than 1/10 and not more than ? of that which said first reflector layer 3 has. The emission output power can be enhanced when the first reflector layer has a number of such pairs which is not less than 11 and not more than 41.

Abstract: A compound represented by the following formula (1): wherein, Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 represent a group represented by any of the above formulae; P1, P2, P3 and P4 are an atomic group required for forming an aromatic heterocyclic ring; P5 and P6 are an atomic group required for forming an aromatic ring; Z1 and Z2 represent OR?, —SR? or —NR?2, wherein R? represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; Q1 and Q2 represent a direct bond or a linking group; a P1-containing ring and a P2-containing ring are bonded to form Q1-containing fused structure; a P3-containing ring and a P4-containing ring are bonded to form Q2-containing fused structure; can be used as a ligand of a metal complex, and the metal complex is useful for a catalyst.

Abstract: A light-emitting device (1) is provided having a current blocking layer (9) of buried structure, a portion of the current blocking layer (9) having an oxygen concentration higher than that of a light-emitting layer, the current blocking layer being of a thickness of not less than 5 nm and not more than 100 nm. It includes an etching stop layer (24) below the current blocking layer (9), the etching stop layer being good in oxidation resistance. The light-emitting device (1) and its manufacturing method are provided such that the device has its current confinement effect improved and its output increased at lower forward voltage.

Abstract: Provided is a surface light emitting element having a high productivity, a high light emission output and good response characteristics, as well as capable of suppressing an increase of a forward voltage necessary for light emission. A surface light emitting element according to the present invention is a vertical cavity surface light emitting element including: an active layer 5 in which a quantum well layer 51 and a barrier layer 52 are alternately laminated; and reflective layers disposed both above and below the active layer 5, wherein assuming that a center-to-center distance of a plurality of the quantum well layers is L, a light emission wavelength of the surface light emitting element is ?, and an average refractive index of an optical length of a resonator, being a distance between the reflective layers is n, a condition of ?/(15×n)?L??/(10×n) is satisfied.

Abstract: A light-emitting element comprising a substrate; a light-emitting layer disposed above the substrate and emitting a primary light; and, a reflective film disposed between the substrate and the light-emitting layer and formed by at least one layer that reflects the primary light, in which the light-emitting element further comprises a light dispersing multilayered film disposed between the substrate and the reflective film and formed by two or more types of light dispersing layers, and the light dispersing multilayered film multiple-disperses a secondary light into plural wavelengths and discharges the secondary light, which is excited by the primary light passing through the reflective film.

Abstract: A novel vertical resonator type light emitting diode of which has a simplified structure of the reflector layer of its light emitting side an which is resistant to declination of its emission output power towards a high temperature range, has an active layer 5, and a first reflector layer 3 at its light reflecting side and a second reflector layer 9 at its light emitting side which are formed to sandwich the active later 5 between them, wherein each of the first reflector layer 3 and the second reflector layer 9 is structured to comprise a plurality of pairs of two alternate semiconductor layers formed which are different from each other in refractive index, and the second reflector layer 9 has a number of such pairs which is not less than 1/10 and not more than ? of that which said first reflector layer 3 has. The emission output power can be enhanced when the first reflector layer has a number of such pairs which is not less than 11 and not more than 41.

Abstract: An electrode catalyst for fuel cell, containing a multinuclear complex, in which the multinuclear complex contains 2 to 4 transition metal atoms coordinated with a ligand having 5 to 15 coordination atoms in its molecule; and an electrode catalyst for fuel cell, comprising a mononuclear metal complex containing, as a ligand, an organic compound containing two or more phenol rings and three or more aromatic heterocycles.

Abstract: A light-emitting device (1) is provided having a current blocking layer (9) of buried structure, a portion of the current blocking layer (9) having an oxygen concentration higher than that of a light-emitting layer, the current blocking layer being of a thickness of not less than 5 nm and not more than 100 nm. It includes an etching stop layer (24) below the current blocking layer (9), the etching stop layer being good in oxidation resistance. The light-emitting device (1) and its manufacturing method are provided such that the device has its current confinement effect improved and its output increased at lower forward voltage.

Abstract: Provided is a surface light emitting element having a high productivity, a high light emission output and good response characteristics, as well as capable of suppressing an increase of a forward voltage necessary for light emission. A surface light emitting element according to the present invention is a vertical cavity surface light emitting element including: an active layer 5 in which a quantum well layer 51 and a barrier layer 52 are alternately laminated; and reflective layers disposed both above and below the active layer 5, wherein assuming that a center-to-center distance of a plurality of the quantum well layers is L, a light emission wavelength of the surface light emitting element is ?, and an average refractive index of an optical length of a resonator, being a distance between the reflective layers is n, a condition of ?/(15×n)?L??/(10×n) is satisfied.

Abstract: A novel vertical resonator type light emitting diode of which has a simplified structure of the reflector layer of its light emitting side an which is resistant to declination of its emission output power towards a high temperature range, has an active layer 5, and a first reflector layer 3 at its light reflecting side and a second reflector layer 9 at its light emitting side which are formed to sandwich the active later 5 between them, wherein each of the first reflector layer 3 and the second reflector layer 9 is structured to comprise a plurality of pairs of two alternate semiconductor layers formed which are different from each other in refractive index, and the second reflector layer 9 has a number of such pairs which is not less than 1/10 and not more than ? of that which said first reflector layer 3 has. The emission output power can be enhanced when the first reflector layer has a number of such pairs which is not less than 11 and not more than 41.

Abstract: An X-ray radiography system comprising divided fan beam scanning device, feed-back the beam regulator and a silver halide photosensitive material having a covering power not less than 45 which is capable to diagnose wide range of photodensity area at one time exposure for minimizing the radiation dose is disclosed.

Abstract: An image forming method and its apparatus are disclosed. The method comprises exposing a light-sensitive silver halide photographic material having a support and hydrophilic colloid layers provided on both sides of the support and developing the exposed material with a developing solution without immersing it in the developing solution. The apparatus comprises (a) a pair of rollers for transporting the material in a downward direction and (b) a pair of nozzles for feeding the developing solution to both sides of the material, the nozzles being provided above the rollers.