Abstract: An exhaust emission control apparatus is provided which is equipped with an additive injector to inject additive such as a urea aqueous solution into an exhaust pipe through which exhaust emissions flow. The exhaust pipe includes a straight section and a bent section. A catalyst such as a SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) catalyst is disposed downstream of the straight section. A hollow protrusion is formed on an outer peripheral wall of the bent section substantially in parallel to a longitudinal center line of the straight section. The protrusion has an opening formed in one of opposed ends thereof which communicates with inside the bent section. The additive injector is designed to produce a cone-shaped spray of additive and installed on the other end of the protrusion to inject the cone-shaped spray of additive into the exhaust pipe without interfering with at least a downstream edge of the opening.

Abstract: To provide a process for efficiently producing a toner for developing an electrostatic charge image, which is scarcely susceptible to aggregation of the toner and free from blocking during the storage or from soiling the image forming apparatus and which is excellent in image characteristics.

Abstract: A colored toner for developing electrostatic images which has a degree of gelation of 2.0% or less and comprises an association of secondary particles containing polymer particles having acidic polar groups or basic polar groups and an organic pigment and/or an organic dye treated with a treatment agent containing a surface treatment agent which has the same ionic character as the polymer particles so that the absolute value of .zeta.-potential becomes 10 to 100 mV at pH 5, and a developer for electrostatic images which comprises this colored toner and a carrier.

Abstract: A colored toner for developing electrostatic images which has a degree of gelation of 2.0% or less and comprises an association of secondary particles containing polymer particles having acidic polar groups or basic polar groups and an organic pigment and/or an organic dye treated with a treatment agent containing a surface treatment agent which has the same ionic character as the polymer particles so that the absolute value of .zeta.-potential becomes 10 to 100 mV at pH 5, and a developer for electrostatic images which comprises this colored toner and a carrier.

Abstract: A toner binder is disclosed which comprises a polyester resin in which an aliphatic hydrocarbon chain terminated with an ester and/or an ether bond to the aliphatic group contains a constituent element consisting of ethylene in an amount of from 1 to 5 wt % based on the total weight of the resin. Further disclosed is a toner binder using both of a crosslinked polyester having a peak molecular weight of 10,000 or less and a linear polyester having a peak molecular weight of 8,000 or more as binder resins, the peak molecular weight of the linear polyester being greater than the peak molecular weight of the crosslinked polyester.

Abstract: A toner for developing an electrostatic image comprises primary colored resin particles having a mean particle size of 0.6 to 10 microns which have been agglomerated to form secondary particles having a particle size of 1.2 to 20 microns. The primary colored resin particles are formed from fine elementary particles comprised of one or more polymers and a colorant. Thus, the toner can be economically prepared, is excellent in resolution, does not cause much fogging or scattering, and is excellent in fixability and image density.

Abstract: A developer circular unit is detachably set in a copier or a copier type printer which print on images on a paper sheet with toner. The unit includes at least a developing device, a cleaner, and a developer conveying device having a pipe communicated with both the cleaner and the developing device and a toner flowing-back preventing mechanism. The action of the mechanism is automatically released by the first set of the unit in the copier or printer and/or the first use of the copier or printer after that first set.

Abstract: This invention provides a toner composed of associated particles of secondary particles comprising primary particles of a polymer having an acidic or basic polar group and particles of a coloring agent and optionally a charge controlling agent and a process for producing the toner. Preferably, the contacting portions among the secondary particles are at least partly melt-adhered by film formation. The toner of the invention has excellent advantages. It has a much higher resolution than conventional products. It has excellent chargeability and causes hardly any occurrence of fogging.

Abstract: A toner for developing an electrostatically charged image, comprising(A) an inner layer comprising a resin ion complex having a coloring agent and optionally a charge controlling agent and/or a magnetic material substantially dispersed therein, and(B) an outer layer containing a flowability imparting agent;and a process for producing a toner for developing an electrostatically charged image, which comprises dispersing a coloring agent and optionally a charge controlling agent and/or a magnetic substance in a resin emulsion having a charge, mixing the dispersion with a resin emulsion having an opposite charge to prepare a dispersion of a resin ion complex, adding a flowability imparting agent to the dispersion, and spray-drying the resulting dispersion.