Abstract: A digital signal processing method comprising the steps of:

Abstract: A phthalocyanine compound of formula (I): ##STR1## wherein FIGS. 1 to 16 around the phthalocyanine skeleton indicate the positions of carbon atoms in each benzene ring thereof; an oxygen atom is bonded to the carbon atom with position 1 or 4, to the carbon atom with position 5 or 8, to the carbon atom with position 9 or 12, and to the carbon atom with position 13 or 16; R.sup.1 is a fluorine-atom substituted alkyl group; R.sup.2 is an unsubstituted phenyl group or an alkyl-group-substituted phenyl group; R.sup.3 is an unsubstituted alkyl group, a fluorine-atom substituted alkyl group or a hydrogen atom; and M represents Zn, Cu or Ni.

Abstract: A magnetic recording and reproducing apparatus includes a reading and writing head for writing data on data tracks formed on a recording tape and reading the data therefrom to produce a first reproduction data. A simultaneous reproducing head is provided for reading a second production data from the data track just being written or read by the reading and writing head. A delay unit delays the first signal by a predetermined phase difference factor to arrange the first and second reproduction data on the same time base. A determiner is also provided for selecting either of said first and second reproduction signals whose signal quality is better than the other.

Abstract: A phthalocyanine compound of formula (1): ##STR1## wherein FIGS. 1 to 16 around the phthalocyanine skeleton indicate the positions of carbon atoms, an oxygen atom is bonded to the carbon atom with position 1 or 4, to the carbon with position 5 or 8, to the carbon atom with position 9 or 12, and to the carbon atom with position 13 or 16, R.sup.1 is a fluorine-atom substituted alkyl group, R.sup.2 is an unsubstituted phenyl group or an alkyl-group-substituted phenyl group, R.sup.3 is an unsubstituted alkyl group, a fluorine-atom substituted alkyl group or a hydrogen atom, and M represents VO or TiO.

Abstract: A penam derivative of the general formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 means hydrogen, halogen, amino or protected amino; R.sup.2 means hydrogen, halogen, lower alkoxy, lower acyl, lower alkyl, hydroxy- or protected hydroxy-substituted lower alkyl, hydroxy or protected hydroxy, or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 may jointly represent oxo; R.sup.3 means hydrogen or a carboxy-protecting group; R.sup.4 means hydrogen; R.sup.5 means a group of the formula --CH.sub.2 Y where Y means halogen, --N.sub.3, --ONO.sub.2, --OR.sup.6, --OCOR.sup.6, --SCSOR.sup.6, --SCSN(R.sup.6).sub.2, --SR.sup.6, --SO.sub.2 R.sup.6, --NHR.sup.6, --N(R.sup.6).sub.2 or a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group having a free valence on nitrogen; R.sup.6 means a lower alkyl, aryl or heterocyclic group which is substituted or unsubstituted; or R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 may jointly represent .dbd.CH.sub.2 ; n means 0, 1 or 2; provided, however, that where R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 jointly represent .dbd.CH.sub.2, n is not equal to 0.

Abstract: The present invention provides a lithium secondary battery which comprises a layer of vanadium pentoxide serving as the positive electrode active substance, a substance capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions and serving as the negative electrode active substance, and a polymer represented by the following formula (I) and having a lithium salt dissolved therein to serve as the electrolyte, wherein said formula is ##STR1## and wherein m is the average number of repeating ethyleneoxy units and is a real number of about 5 to about 25, and n is the average number of repetitions and is a real number in the range of 3.ltoreq.n.ltoreq.200000.The lithium secondary battery of the invention comprises two electrode active substances which have a high energy density and an electrolyte which is flame-retardant, nonflowable and safe, and is capable of retaining its characteristics even at low ambient temperatures of up to the ice point.

Abstract: The present invention provides a thiazolinoazetidinone derivative represented by the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is phenyl having or not having substituent(s), methyl having or not having substituent(s) or ##STR2## group, R.sup.3 being phenyl having or not having substituent(s), and R.sup.2 is a hydrogen atom or carboxylic acid protective group, and a process for preparing the same.The present invention further provides a process for preparing a 2-exo-methylenepenam derivative characterized by hydrolyzing the thiazoline ring of a thiazolinoazetidinone derivative of the above formula (1) to effect recyclization and obtain a 2-exo-methylenepenam derivative represented by the formula ##STR3## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are as defined above.

Abstract: The present invention provides a thiazolinoazetidinone derivative represented by the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is phenyl having or not having substituent(s), methyl having or not having substituent(s) or ##STR2## group, R.sup.3 being phenyl having or not having substituent(s), and R.sup.2 is a hydrogen atom or carboxylic acid protective group, and a process for preparing the same.The present invention further provides a process for preparing a 2-exo-methylenepenam derivative characterized by hydrolyzing the thiazoline ring of a thiazolinoazetidinone derivative of the above formula (1) to effect recyclization and obtain a 2-exo-methylenepenam derivative represented by the formula ##STR3## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are as defined above.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for preparing a cephem derivative characterized in that an allenyl .beta.-lactam compound represented by the formula (1) ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is amino or protected amino, R.sup.2 is a hydrogen atom or lower alkoxyl, R.sup.3 is a hydrogen atom or carboxylic acid protecting group and X is the group --SO.sub.2 R.sup.4 or --SR.sup.4, R.sup.4 being substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group is reacted with a nucleophilic agent to obtain the derivative, the cephem derivative being represented by the formula (2) ##STR2## wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are as defined above, and Y is the residue of the nucleophilic agent.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for preparing a 2-exo-methylenepenam derivative represented by the formula (2), the process being characterized by reacting an allenyl .beta.-lactum compound represented by the formula (1) with a metallic reducing agent, in which R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and X are defined in the specification.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for preparing a 3-formylcephem derivative represented by the formula (2) ##STR1## which comprises oxidizing in the presence of oxygen a 3-halomethylcephem derivative represented by the formula (1) ##STR2## wherein R.sup.1 is amino group or protected amino group, R.sup.2 is hydrogen atom or a carboxylic acid protective group, X is halogen atom.

Abstract: A process for preparing a .beta.-lactam derivative of formula (2) and/or the corresponding enol tautomer, which includes oxidizing an alkenyl-substituted .beta.-lactam derivative of formula (1) in the presence of a ruthenium catalyst or a rhenium catalyst using a periodic acid: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is a hydrogen atom, a C.sub.1-4 alkyl group or a C.sub.1-4 haloalkyl group, R.sup.2 is a hydrogen atom, a C.sub.1-4 alkyl group or a phenyl group which may have a substituent, A is a group selected from ##STR2## wherein R.sup.3 is an amino group or a protected amino group, and R.sup.4 -R.sup.8 are as defined in the application.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of producing a 3-exomethylenecepham of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is amino or substituted amino and R.sup.2 is a carboxy-protecting group comprising reacting a cephem of the formula ##STR2## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are as defined above and X is halogen with lead metal while maintaining the pH of the reaction system at about 0.1 to 8. The cephem (I) may be reacted with a catalytic amount of lead metal or a lead compound in the presence of a metal having a greater ionization tendency than lead.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for preparing a .beta.-lactam derivative represented by the formula ##STR1## the process comprising reacting a .beta.-lactam derivative represented by the following formula (II) and having a protected carboxyl group with a cresol; ##STR2## wherein R represents a benzyl group having an electron-donating group as a substituent on the phenyl ring, a diphenylmethyl group which may have an electron-donating group as a substituent on the phenyl ring or a tert-butyl group.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for preparing a penicillanic acid derivative of the formula ##STR1## which comprises reacting lead with a halogenated penicillanic acid derivative of the formula ##STR2## wherein X, Y, Z and R.sup.1 are as defined in the specification. The reaction is advantageously conducted in the presence of a metal having higher ionization tendency than lead such as aluminum, iron, magnesium or a mixture thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of producing an optically active .beta.-lactam derivative of the formula ##STR1## comprising irradiating with light, in solid phase, an inclusion complex of a compound of the formula ##STR2## with an optically active host compound.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for preparing a 1,1-disubstituted ethylene derivative of the formula ##STR1## which comprises reacting lead with a carbinol derivative of the formula ##STR2## wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, X, Y, m and n are defined in the specification. The reaction is conducted more advantageously in the presence of a metal having higher ionization tendency than lead.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a heat-sensitive recording material in which a chromogenic dye-procursor comprises:(A) a mixture comprising at least two divinyl phthalide compounds represented by the formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 represent respectively alkyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms having an alkoxy group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms or cycloalkyl group of 5 to 7 carbon atoms, X.sup.1 and X.sup.2 represent respectively hydrogen atom, alkyl group of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, alkoxy group of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, alkoxy group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms having an alkoxy group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, cycloalkoxy group of 5 to 7 carbon atoms, alkenyloxy group of 3 to 8 carbon atoms, benzyloxy group, substituted benzyloxy group, furfurloxy group, tetrahydrofurfuryloxy group, phenyl group, substituted phenyl group, phenoxy group, substituted phenoxy group, fluorine atom, chlorine atom or bromine atom, m and n represent 0 or integer of 1 to 4, m+n=4 and R.sup.1 and R.sup.