Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a catalyst that enables production of an unsaturated carboxylic acid and/or unsaturated carboxylic acid ester represented by methyl methacrylate with high selectivity. The object is achieved by a catalyst including: one or more elements selected from boron, magnesium, zirconium, hafnium, and titanium; one or more elements selected from alkali metal elements; and silica; the catalyst having a peak height ratio I2/I1 of 0 to 1.2, wherein I1 represents the peak height at 417±10 cm?1, and I2 represents the peak height at 1050±10 cm?1, as obtained by Raman spectroscopy.

Abstract: The present invention is a catalyst comprising: (i) a compound comprising at least one first metal element selected from boron, magnesium, zirconium, and hafnium, and (ii) an alkali metal element, wherein the compound and the alkali metal element are supported on a carrier having silanol groups, an average particle size of the compound of the first metal element is 0.4 nm or more and 50 nm or less, the catalyst satisfies the following formula (1): 0.90×10?21 (g/number)?X/(Y×Z)<10.8×10?21 (g/number) ??formula (1), in which X is a molar ratio of the alkali metal element to the at least one first metal element in the catalyst, Y is a BET specific surface area of the catalyst (m2/g), and Z is a number of the silanol groups per unit area (number/nm2).

Abstract: A method for treating the surface of a substrate with a surface treatment composition, wherein the surface treatment composition comprises a liquid medium containing a complexing agent as a metal deposition preventive, the complexing agent comprising at least one member selected from Group A complexing agents and at least one member selected from Group B complexing agents as defined hereinafter.

Abstract: A method for treating the surface of a substrate with a surface treatment composition, wherein the surface treatment composition comprises a liquid medium containing a complexing agent as a metal deposition preventive, the complexing agent comprising at least one member selected from Group A complexing agents and at least one member selected from Group B complexing agents as defined hereinafter.

Abstract: A method for treating the surface of a substrate with a surface treatment composition, wherein the surface treatment composition comprises a liquid medium containing a complexing agent as a metal deposition preventive, the complexing agent comprising at least one member selected from Group A complexing agents and at least one member selected from Group B complexing agents defined hereinafter.

Abstract: A method for treating the surface of a substrate with a surface treatment composition, wherein the surface treatment composition comprises a liquid medium containing a complexing agent as a metal deposition preventive.