Abstract: There is provided an apparatus for polishing, comprising a polishing table configured to support and rotate a polishing pad; a holder configured to hold an object and press the object against the polishing pad; a polishing solution supply device provided with a contact member and configured to supply a polishing solution to an opening in a bottom face of the contact member in a state that the contact member comes into contact with or is adjacent to the polishing pad, thereby spreading the polishing solution on the polishing pad, the polishing solution supply device causing at least part of used polishing solution returned by rotation of the polishing pad to be dammed up by the contact member and setting the contact member either in a direction of keeping the dammed up polishing solution on the polishing pad or in a direction of discharging the dammed up polishing solution, according to an angle of the polishing solution supply device with respect to a radial direction of the polishing pad; an arm linked with

Abstract: The present invention relates to a substance specific to human PD-1 comprising a part that recognizes human PD-1, a part that recognizes a membrane protein in cell membrane of human PD-1-expressing cells, and linkers. Since the substance specific to human PD-1 selectively can recognize human PD-1 and a membrane protein on cell membrane of human PD-1-expressing cells and can transmit inhibitory signal of human PD-1, it is useful for therapy and/or prevention of diseases caused by immunopathy.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a substance specific to human PD-1 comprising a part that recognizes human PD-1, a part that recognizes a membrane protein in cell membrane of human PD-1-expressing cells, and linkers. Since the substance specific to human PD-1 selectively can recognize human PD-1 and a membrane protein on cell membrane of human PD-1-expressing cells and can transmit inhibitory signal of human PD-1, it is useful for therapy and/or prevention of diseases caused by immunopathy.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a substance specific to human PD-1 comprising a part that recognizes human PD-1, a part that recognizes a membrane protein in cell membrane of human PD-1-expressing cells, and linkers. Since the substance specific to human PD-1 selectively can recognize human PD-1 and a membrane protein on cell membrane of human PD-1-expressing cells and can transmit inhibitory signal of human PD-1, it is useful for therapy and/or prevention of diseases caused by immunopathy.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a substance specific to human PD-1 comprising a part that recognizes human PD-1, a part that recognizes a membrane protein in cell membrane of human PD-1-expressing cells, and linkers. Since the substance specific to human PD-1 selectively can recognize human PD-1 and a membrane protein on cell membrane of human PD-1-expressing cells and can transmit inhibitory signal of human PD-1, it is useful for therapy and/or prevention of diseases caused by immunopathy.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a substance specific to human PD-1 comprising a part that recognizes human PD-1, a part that recognizes a membrane protein in cell membrane of human PD-1-expressing cells, and linkers. Since the substance specific to human PD-1 selectively can recognize human PD-1 and a membrane protein on cell membrane of human PD-1-expressing cells and can transmit inhibitory signal of human PD-1, it is useful for therapy and/or prevention of diseases caused by immunopathy.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a substance specific to human PD-1 comprising a part that recognizes human PD-1, a part that recognizes a membrane protein in cell membrane of human PD-1-expressing cells, and linkers. Since the substance specific to human PD-1 selectively can recognize human PD-1 and a membrane protein on cell membrane of human PD-1-expressing cells and can transmit inhibitory signal of human PD-1, it is useful for therapy and/or prevention of diseases caused by immunopathy.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a substance specific to human PD-1 comprising a part that recognizes human PD-1, a part that recognizes a membrane protein in cell membrane of human PD-1-expressing cells, and linkers. Since the substance specific to human PD-1 selectively can recognize human PD-1 and a membrane protein on cell membrane of human PD-1-expressing cells and can transmit inhibitory signal of human PD-1, it is useful for therapy and/or prevention of diseases caused by immunopathy.

Abstract: Compounds that can recognize selectively both PD-1 protein and a membrane protein co-existing with PD-1 on a cell membrane, and can transmit a suppressive signal of PD-1. The compounds are useful for medical treatment and/or prevention of diseases caused by immune abnormality.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a substance specific to human PD-1 comprising a part that recognizes human PD-1, a part that recognizes a membrane protein in cell membrane of human PD-1-expressing cells, and linkers. Since the substance specific to human PD-1 selectively can recognize human PD-1 and a membrane protein on cell membrane of human PD-1-expressing cells and can transmit inhibitory signal of human PD-1, it is useful for therapy and/or prevention of diseases caused by immunopathy.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a substance specific to human PD-1 comprising a part that recognizes human PD-1, a part that recognizes a membrane protein in cell membrane of human PD-1-expressing cells, and linkers. Since the substance specific to human PD-1 selectively can recognize human PD-1 and a membrane protein on cell membrane of human PD-1-expressing cells and can transmit inhibitory signal of human PD-1, it is useful for therapy and/or prevention of diseases caused by immunopathy.

Abstract: Compounds that can recognize selectively both PD-1 protein and a membrane protein co-existing with PD-1 on a cell membrane, and can transmit a suppressive signal of PD-1. The compounds are useful for medical treatment and/or prevention of diseases caused by immune abnormality.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a substance specific to human PD-1 comprising a part that recognizes human PD-1, a part that recognizes a membrane protein in cell membrane of human PD-1-expressing cells, and linkers. Since the substance specific to human PD-1 selectively can recognize human PD-1 and a membrane protein on cell membrane of human PD-1-expressing cells and can transmit inhibitory signal of human PD-1, it is useful for therapy and/or prevention of diseases caused by immunopathy.

Abstract: Compounds represented by formula (I) (wherein all of the symbols have the same meanings as defined in specification.), quaternary ammonium salts thereof, N-oxides thereof or salts thereof. The compounds represented by formula (I) are used for prevention and/or treatment of various inflammatory diseases (asthma, nephritis, nephropathy, hepatitis, arthritis, chronic rheumatoid arthritis, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, ulcerative colitis and the like), immunologic diseases (autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection, immunosuppression, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis and the like), human immunodeficiency virus (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and the like), allergic diseases (atopic dermatitis, nettle rash, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis and the like), ischemia-reperfusion injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, shock accompanied by bacterial infection, diabetes mellitus, or metastasis and the like.

Abstract: Substances comprising a substance that recognizes PD-1, a substance that recognizes a membrane protein co-existing with PD-1 on a cell membrane, and a linker.

Abstract: A peptide of the formula (I) (wherein each symbol is as defined in the description.) or an acid addition salt thereof. A compound of the formula (I) is a specific substrate for human pepsin II, so it can be used for assaying human pepsin II or human pepsinogen II and it is useful for diagnosis of gastric diseases such as gastric cancer and gastric ulcer.

Abstract: Peptides of the formula (I)

Abstract: Peptide substrates, or acid addition salts thereof, wherein said peptide substrate is represented by formula (I): R-X-Pro-Ile-Glu-W-Y-Z  (I) wherein R is a hydrogen, an amino-protective group, or a residue carrying one or two D- or L-amino acids; X is Lys or Arg; W is Phe or Phe(NO2), wherein Phe(NO2) is p-nitrophenylalanine; Y is Phe, Phe(NO2), Tyr, 3,5-diiodotyrosine, norleucine, Leu, Asp(Osbzl) or Met, wherein Obzl is benzyloxy; and Z is an aniline, an aminocoumarin or an aminonapthalene derivative, are disclosed. These compounds are specific substrates for human pepsin I and are useful in assaying the presence of human pepsin I or human pepsinogen I, and useful in diagnosing gastric diseases, such as gastric cancer and gastric ulcer.

Abstract: An improved electric parking brake system for a vehicle capable of controlling the brake-applying and releasing operations of a parking brake in an optimal manner in accordance with the gradient of the road on which the vehicle is stopped.

Abstract: Apex seal for rotary piston engines made of an iron-based material containing in weight 2.5 to 4.0% of C, 0.5 to 2.8% of Si, less than 1.0% of Mn, 0.25 to 2.0% of Ni, 0.25 to 2.0% of Mo, 0.25 to 2.0% of Cu, 0.15 to 0.4% of B, 0.15 to 1.5% of Cr, 0.1 - 0.4% of V and the balance of substantially iron. The material is of a chilled structure which is produced when the material is casted without any specific cooling. The apex seal provides remarkably improved wear and impact resistant properties.