Abstract: A semiconductor device includes an upper conductive line extending in a first horizontal direction over a substrate, a channel layer facing the upper conductive line in a second horizontal direction that is perpendicular to the first horizontal direction, a gate dielectric film between the channel layer and the upper conductive line, a conductive contact pattern including a lower surface, which is in contact with an upper surface of the channel layer, and sidewalls including a first sidewall, which faces the upper conductive line in the second horizontal direction, and an insulating spacer including a first portion between the upper conductive line and the conductive contact pattern in the second horizontal direction.

Abstract: In a radiation type air conditioning system for cooling or heating fluid such as air or refrigerant through heat exchange and supplying the cooled or heated fluid into a radiant panel to radiatively cool or heat a room, the air is cooled by a heat exchanger (evaporator), and the cooled air is supplied onto the radiation face of the radiant panel by a fan to prevent dew condensation on the radiation face of the radiant panel. If the air which is cooled and dried by the evaporator is heated by a heater when it is supplied onto the radiation face of the radiant panel, the dew condensation preventing effect can be enhanced. Further, plural through holes are formed in the radiation panel and the cooled air is blown out onto the radiation face through the through holes, so that the dew condensation preventing effect can be enhanced.