Abstract: There is disclosed a solid oxide fuel cell and a carbon direct-oxydizing-type electrode for the cell. The fuel cell comprises vanadium carbide which is used as the fuel electrode. The vanadium carbide and a carbon-series fuel are used in the fuel electrode.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of refining aluminum, according to which oxygen gas is blown into a carbon material filled in a blast furnace to form simultaneously both combustion regions where combustion of the carbon material takes place and high-temperature reduction regions spaced apart from said combustion region, and an alumina-containing material and a flux are fed on the carbon material fill layer to form a melt of a mixture of the both, the formed melt being flowed down to the reduction regions to form a crude aluminum alloy, which is hydrogenated.

Abstract: The present invention provides a moulded object of alumina matter-containing raw material for aluminum smelting by a blast furnace method. The moulded object for aluminum smelting is formed by coating a moulded object comprising the alumina matter-containing raw material and a carbon material with carbon material coating layers on its surface.

Abstract: This invention provides a method of smelting aluminum by using a blast furnace. An oxygen gas is introduced into a carbon material packed in a reactor, to burn the same to form a plurality of raceways and a high-temperature reduction region among the raceways. A mixture containing an alumina-containing starting material and a carbon material is then supplied selectively into the high-temperature reduction region while substantially preventing the mixture from contacting the raceways, to reduce the alumina to aluminum.

Abstract: Provided is a method for hydrogenating an aromatic compound by reacting the aromatic compound with hydrogen iodide in the presence of ruthenium catalyst.