Abstract: A joined article including: a resin (1) having a linear expansion coefficient at 30° C. to 200° C. of 17 ppm/° C. or higher and a thickness of 5 to 100 ?m; and a metal joined to a surface of the resin (1) and having a thickness of 5 to 50 ?m. The resin (1) includes a heat-affected layer that is close to the metal and that occupies 80% or less of the thickness of the resin (1), and the joined article is a dielectric material for a substrate. Also disclosed is a substrate including the joined article and a resin (2) stacked on the joined article.

Abstract: Excess optical power in a waveguide device is appropriately terminated. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the waveguide device comprises a termination structure filled with a light blocking material for terminating light from the end section of a waveguide. This termination structure can be formed by forming a groove on an optical waveguide by removing the clad and core, and filling the inside of that groove with a material attenuating the intensity of the light (light blocking material). In this manner, light that enters into the termination structure is attenuated by the light blocking material, and influence on other optical devices as a crosstalk component can be suppressed. With such termination structure, not only the influence on optical devices integrated on the same substrate, but also the influence on other optical devices directly connected to that substrate can be suppressed.

Abstract: A planar optical waveguide including a clad layer, an optical waveguide having a core embedded in the clad layer; and a groove formed in the clad layer and having a reflection interface for totally reflecting a leaked light leaked from the optical waveguide to the clad layer. Since the reflection interface for totally reflecting the leaked light is formed in the clad layer, the leaked light is prevented from entering into the tap coupler, and the variation of the branching ratio can be reduced.

Abstract: An optical module controls its output characteristics electrically and an optical switch constitutes the optical module. An optical waveguide circuit (PLC) and an electronic circuit (IC) for driving the PLC are mounted on the same substrate. The IC is composed of a bare chip to be molded afterward. Wiring of the IC is grouped and integrated on the PLC substrate to achieve higher density and miniaturization of the optical module.

Abstract: A planar optical waveguide including a clad layer, an optical waveguide having a core embedded in the clad layer; and a groove formed in the clad layer and having a reflection interface for totally reflecting a leaked light leaked from the optical waveguide to the clad layer. Since the reflection interface for totally reflecting the leaked light is formed in the clad layer, the leaked light is prevented from entering into the tap coupler, and the variation of the branching ratio can be reduced.

Abstract: Excess optical power in a waveguide device is appropriately terminated. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the waveguide device comprises a termination structure filled with a light blocking material for terminating light from the end section of a waveguide. This termination structure can be formed by forming a groove on an optical waveguide by removing the clad and core, and filling the inside of that groove with a material attenuating the intensity of the light (light blocking material). In this manner, light that enters into the termination structure is attenuated by the light blocking material, and influence on other optical devices as a crosstalk component can be suppressed. With such termination structure, not only the influence on optical devices integrated on the same substrate, but also the influence on other optical devices directly connected to that substrate can be suppressed.

Abstract: An optical module controls its output characteristics electrically and an optical switch constitutes the optical module. An optical waveguide circuit (PLC) and an electronic circuit (IC) for driving the PLC are mounted on the same substrate. The IC is composed of a bare chip to be molded afterward. Wiring of the IC is grouped and integrated on the PLC substrate to achieve higher density and miniaturization of the optical module.

Abstract: An optical module controls its output characteristics electrically and an optical switch constitutes the optical module. An optical waveguide circuit (PLC) and an electronic circuit (IC) for driving the PLC are mounted on the same substrate. The IC is composed of a bare chip to be molded afterward. Wiring of the IC is grouped and integrated on the PLC substrate to achieve higher density and miniaturization of the optical module.

Abstract: An optical module controls its output characteristics electrically and an optical switch constitutes the optical module. An optical waveguide circuit (PLC) and an electronic circuit (IC) for driving the PLC are mounted on the same substrate. The IC is composed of a bare chip to be molded afterward. Wiring of the IC is grouped and integrated on the PLC substrate to achieve higher density and miniaturization of the optical module.

Abstract: An optical module controls its output characteristics electrically and an optical switch constitutes an optical module. An optical waveguide circuit (PLC) and an electronic circuit (IC) for driving the PLC are mounted on the same substrate. The IC is composed of a bare chip to be molded afterward. Wiring of the IC is grouped and integrated on the PLC substrate to achieve higher density and miniaturization of the optical module.

Abstract: An optical module controls its output characteristics electrically and an optical switch constitutes the optical module. An optical waveguide circuit (PLC) and an electronic circuit (IC) for driving the PLC are mounted on the same substrate. The IC is composed of a bare chip to be molded afterward. Wiring of the IC is grouped and integrated on the PLC substrate to achieve higher density and miniaturization of the optical module.

Abstract: An optical module controls its output characteristics electrically and an optical switch constitutes the optical module. An optical waveguide circuit (PLC) and an electronic circuit (IC) for driving the PLC are mounted on the same substrate. The IC is composed of a bare chip to be molded afterward. Wiring of the IC is grouped and integrated on the PLC substrate to achieve higher density and miniaturization of the optical module.

Abstract: An optical module controls its output characteristics electrically and an optical switch constitutes the optical module. An optical waveguide circuit (PLC) and an electronic circuit (IC) for driving the PLC are mounted on the same substrate. The IC is composed of a bare chip to be molded afterward. Wiring of the IC is grouped and integrated on the PLC substrate to achieve higher density and miniaturization of the optical module.

Abstract: An optical module controls its output characteristics electrically and an optical switch constitutes the optical module. An optical waveguide circuit (PLC) and an electronic circuit (IC) for driving the PLC are mounted on the same substrate. The IC is composed of a bare chip to be molded afterward. Wiring of the IC is grouped and integrated on the PLC substrate to achieve higher density and miniaturization of the optical module.

Abstract: A method for supporting activities of a sales promotion and an advertisement for contents performed by a contents provider through a mass-media institution includes receiving first contents information provided by the contents provider; receiving request information for use of contents information from the mass-media institution; extracting second contents information that corresponds to the request information from among the first contents information; transmitting the second contents information to the mass-media institution; receiving usage information on a record of an actual use of the second contents information by the mass-media institution; and calculating a cost to be paid to the mass-media institution based on the usage information.

Abstract: An interferometer includes a waveguide core, and thin film heaters with widths W1 and W2. The thin film heaters are mounted directly above the waveguide core, and operate as two types of different annealing regions. The annealing, which is carried out by supplying current to the thin film heaters, can alter the quality of the cladding, and change the stress applied on the waveguide core, thereby making it possible to control the polarization dependency. Thus changing the width of the thin film heaters and/or the amount of the supply current thereto enables the permanent control of the effective refractive index (birefringence index) independently in the transverse electric polarization mode and the transverse magnetic polarization mode. This enables the transverse electric polarization mode to be adjusted to a phase difference of &lgr;/2, and the transverse magnetic polarization mode to a phase difference of zero.

Abstract: An optical module controls its output characteristics electrically and an optical switch constitutes the optical module. An optical waveguide circuit (PLC) and an electronic circuit (IC) for driving the PLC are mounted on the same substrate. The IC is composed of a bare chip to be molded afterward. Wiring of the IC is grouped and integrated on the PLC substrate to achieve higher density and miniaturization of the optical module.

Abstract: A no polarization dependent waveguide type optical circuit can resolve polarization dependency completely and can reduce reflected return light. An intermediate portion of the two connecting waveguides are formed with S-shaped waveguides of the same shape consisted of respectively two curved waveguides or two curved waveguides and straight waveguides connecting the curved waveguides. One polarization mode converter is provided in a groove formed across the S-shaped waveguide, and a perpendicular line to an incident surface of light of the polarization mode converter and the S-shaped waveguide forms an angle greater than 0°.

Abstract: An interferometer includes a waveguide core, and thin film heaters with widths W1 and W2. The thin film heaters are mounted directly above the waveguide core, and operate as two types of different annealing regions. The annealing, which is carried out by supplying current to the thin film heaters, can alter the quality of the cladding, and change the stress applied on the waveguide core, thereby making it possible to control the polarization dependency. Thus changing the width of the thin film heaters and/or the amount of the supply current thereto enables the permanent control of the effective refractive index (birefringence index) independently in the transverse electric polarization mode and the transverse magnetic polarization mode. This enables the transverse electric polarization mode to be adjusted to a phase difference of &lgr;/2, and the transverse magnetic polarization mode to a phase difference of zero.

Abstract: A no polarization dependent waveguide type optical circuit can resolve polarization dependency completely and can reduce reflected return light. An intermediate portion of the two connecting waveguide are formed with S-shaped waveguides of the same shape consisted of respectively two curved waveguides or two curved waveguides and straight waveguides connecting the curved waveguides. One polarization mode converter is provided in a groove formed across the S-shaped waveguide, and a perpendicular line to an incident surface of light of the polarization mode converter and the S-shaped waveguide forms an angle greater than 0°.