Abstract: A photonic crystal fiber (1) has a fiber body including a core (2) and a cladding (3) which is provided to surround the core (2) and having a plurality of microscopic holes (3a) extending along the core (2). In the photonic crystal fiber (1), the openings of the plurality of microscopic holes (3a) of the cladding (3) located at an end of the fiber body are closed with blocking element (5) having a lower refractive index than the core (2), and thereafter the fiber end face is polished.

Abstract: A polarization-maintaining optical fiber and absolutely single-polarization optical fiber are provided which enable long distance transmission maintaining a polarization state of signal light. The polarization-maintaining optical fiber includes a core, photonic crystal cladding, and jacket. The photonic crystal cladding is divided into four segments by broken lines from the center to the periphery. Among a plurality of grating holes in a pair of segments opposed to each other with respect to the core, the diameter of grating holes close to the core is greater than the diameter of grating holes in another pair of segments opposed with each other, and than a grating constant.