Abstract: Error bursts are randomized by an interleaver which makes use of “set leaders” to generate permutation indices. The permutation indices are used to route bits from initial positions in an input bit stream to re-arranged or randomized positions in an output bit stream. When the output bit stream is then transmitted and subsequently received by a de-interleaver which returns the received bits to their initial, pre-randomized positions, the resulting received signal has an acceptable bit error rate.

Abstract: Frame synchronization of a received OFDM signal (such as that used in a hybrid FM DAB system) is provided by filtering out significant outer frequency portions of the digital channels, and then using cyclic extension and correlation of the cyclically extended bits (or samples). The received OFDM signal is passed through a bandpass filter to remove outer digital subcarriers (i.e., those farthest from a center frequency) from a received OFDM signal before correlating to locate the OFDM frame boundaries. By filtering out digital subcarriers within each of the digital channels, particularly those closest to adjacent channels and thus most likely to be interfered with by an adjacent first channel OFDM (or FM) signal, correlation between cyclically extended bit (or sample) patterns and thus frame synchronization of OFDM signals can be improved significantly.

Abstract: “Reliability-related” values are assigned to received signal samples containing noise and distortion. The samples are then sent to a Viterbi decoder in order to regenerate originally transmitted messages.

Abstract: Error bursts are randomized by an interleaver which makes use of “set leaders” to generate permutation indices. The permutation indices are used to route bits from initial positions in an input bit stream to re-arranged or randomized positions in an output bit stream. When the output bit stream is then transmitted and subsequently received by a de-interleaver which returns the received bits to their initial, pre-randomized positions, the resulting received signal has an acceptable bit error rate.

Abstract: A connection admission control mechanism for packet, circuit, or hybrid packet and circuit networks whereby the signaling message (i.e., “query”) delay in a control channel of a network switch is maintained (i.e., “locked”) in a timed control interval at a desired level using feedback parameters relating to an estimated current amount of delay in the packet network switch during one or more previous timed control intervals, to guarantee or closely achieve a desired signaling message or query delay performance. The processing delay of the network is bound or “locked” at a desired delay performance level based on substantially real-time estimation or measurement of the current signaling message delays of queries or call control packet streams during one or more previous control intervals.

Abstract: A connection admission technique is presented that measures a delay of queries processed by a network system and allows queries to enter the network system based on a probabilistically determined variable. The technique converges the probabilistically determined variable to a performance criterion of the network system.