Abstract: A communication apparatus includes a decipher deciphering received ciphered data, a first processor configured to generate, when receiving deciphered data for which the ciphered data is deciphered, a header of a first protocol including the deciphered data in a payload and an addition value for which the deciphered data is added in a predetermined size unit, a packet including the deciphered data, the header of the first protocol, and a header of a second protocol and a header of a third protocol, a second processor configured to calculate a checksum value set to the header of the second protocol using the addition value and a transmitter configured to transmit the packet to which the checksum value is set.

Abstract: A communication apparatus, for relaying a time synchronizing signal between a master and a slave that transmit PTP (Precision Time Protocol) signals, stores a first time of the communication apparatus at a point in time that the communication apparatus receives a first time synchronizing signal addressed to the slave, obtains a second time of the master at a point in time that the first time synchronizing signal is transmitted from the master, from the first time synchronizing signal or the like, obtains an amount of offset that is a difference between a reference time of the master and a reference time of the communication apparatus, using the first time as a time of the slave and the second time as the time of the master in a time synchronizing algorithm of the PTP, and corrects the reference time of the communication apparatus using the amount of offset.

Abstract: A control device for a clock generation circuit that generates a clock signal based on a reference signal from an outside, the control device includes: a storage device that stores frequency correction information for the clock signal according to a temperature condition of the clock generation circuit; and a processor that controls a frequency of the clock signal generated by the clock generation circuit under a second temperature condition, based on first and second frequency correction information according to a first temperature condition at first and second time points in the storage device.

Abstract: A base station system includes a radio control device and a radio device, the radio control device transmits first time information and data to the radio device, the radio device includes an antenna and is configured to receive the first time information and the data generate second time information synchronized with the first time information based on the first time information, store the data into a buffer, identify, based on the second time information, a first timing when the data is to be transmitted from the antenna, identify, based on a difference between the first timing and a second timing specified based on a system clock recovered from the received data, a third timing when the data is to be read from the buffer, read the data stored in the buffer at the identified third timing, and control the antenna to transmit the data read from the buffer.

Abstract: A control device for a clock generation circuit that generates a clock signal based on a reference signal from an outside, the control device includes: a storage device that stores frequency correction information for the clock signal according to a temperature condition of the clock generation circuit; and a processor that controls a frequency of the clock signal generated by the clock generation circuit under a second temperature condition, based on first and second frequency correction information according to a first temperature condition at first and second time points in the storage device.

Abstract: A packet transmission apparatus includes: while data included in a preceding packet having a low priority is being transmitted without fragmentation, when time has come to transmit a succeeding packet having a priority higher than that of the preceding packet, one or more processors configured to perform conversion processing for dividing the preceding packet into a plurality of fragment packets while the data is being transmitted; and a transmission unit configured to transmit the succeeding packet between a first fragment packet, and a second fragment packet among the plurality of fragment packets.

Abstract: A control device for an optical channel monitor includes: at least one of a processor and a circuit configured to stop calibration of a measured wavelength when no peak intensity of a wavelength of incoming light is detected, the optical channel monitor measuring a light intensity at the measured wavelength, the at least one of processor and circuit configured to determine presence of a peak intensity in the incoming light when detecting the incoming light with a light intensity equal to or more than a given intensity, the at least one of processor and circuit configured to permit the calibration of the measured wavelength which has been stopped to be resumed when the wavelength peak is determined to be present.

Abstract: A hollow fiber membrane module using a sheet-form hollow fiber membrane having excellent cleaning properties in which the pressure resistance of a hollow fiber membrane anchor section does not deteriorate, even when the membrane area increases; a hollow fiber membrane module unit using the module; a membrane filtration device using the unit; and an operation method therefor are provided. The hollow fiber membrane module comprises sheet-form hollow fiber membranes and an anchoring member which anchors the sheet-form hollow fiber membranes in a roughly parallel manner while maintaining in an open state at least one end portion of the sheet-form hollow fiber membranes. The shape of an end face of a side of the anchoring member from which the hollow fiber membranes are exposed is roughly rectangular, and the shape of an end face of a side of the anchoring member toward which the hollow fiber membranes open is roughly circular.

Abstract: A hollow fiber membrane module using a sheet-form hollow fiber membrane having excellent cleaning properties in which the pressure resistance of a hollow fiber membrane anchor section does not deteriorate, even when the membrane area increases; a hollow fiber membrane module unit using the module; a membrane filtration device using the unit; and an operation method therefore are provided. The hollow fiber membrane module comprises sheet-form hollow fiber membranes and an anchoring member which anchors the sheet-form hollow fiber membranes in a roughly parallel manner while maintaining in an open state at least one end portion of the sheet-form hollow fiber membranes. The shape of an end face of a side of the anchoring member from which the hollow fiber membranes are exposed is roughly rectangular, and the shape of an end face of a side of the anchoring member toward which the hollow fiber membranes open is roughly circular.

Abstract: A hollow fiber membrane module using a sheet-form hollow fiber membrane having excellent cleaning properties in which the pressure resistance of a hollow fiber membrane anchor section does not deteriorate, even when the membrane area increases; a hollow fiber membrane module unit using the module; a membrane filtration device using the unit; and an operation method therefor are provided. The hollow fiber membrane module comprises sheet-form hollow fiber membranes and an anchoring member which anchors the sheet-form hollow fiber membranes in a roughly parallel manner while maintaining in an open state at least one end portion of the sheet-form hollow fiber membranes. The shape of an end face of a side of the anchoring member from which the hollow fiber membranes are exposed is roughly rectangular, and the shape of an end face of a side of the anchoring member toward which the hollow fiber membranes open is roughly circular.

Abstract: A catchment header allowing a plurality of membrane modules to be connected thereto, having a tubular catchment part with a Young's modulus of 4.0 GPa or less for collecting and taking out filtrated liquid from the membrane modules, wherein at least a part of the tubular catchment part is covered with a reinforcement member with a Young's modulus of 4.0 to 250 GPa, the tubular catchment part of the catchment header is preferably formed of a synthetic resin, and the cross sectional area thereof perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the tubular catchment part is preferably 4 to 36 cm2.

Abstract: A hollow fiber membrane module using a sheet-form hollow fiber membrane having excellent cleaning properties in which the pressure resistance of a hollow fiber membrane anchor section does not deteriorate, even when the membrane area increases; a hollow fiber membrane module unit using the module; a membrane filtration device using the unit; and an operation method therefor are provided. The hollow fiber membrane module comprises sheet-form hollow fiber membranes and an anchoring member which anchors the sheet-form hollow fiber membranes in a roughly parallel manner while maintaining in an open state at least one end portion of the sheet-form hollow fiber membranes. The shape of an end face of a side of the anchoring member from which the hollow fiber membranes are exposed is roughly rectangular, and the shape of an end face of a side of the anchoring member toward which the hollow fiber membranes open is roughly circular.

Abstract: A catchment header allowing a plurality of membrane modules to be connected thereto, having a tubular catchment part with a Young's modulus of 4.0 GPa or less for collecting and taking out filtrated liquid from the membrane modules, wherein at least a part of the tubular catchment part is covered with a reinforcement member with a Young's modulus of 4.0 to 250 GPa, the tubular catchment part of the catchment header is preferably formed of a synthetic resin, and the cross sectional area thereof perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the tubular catchment part is preferably 4 to 36 cm2.

Abstract: A hollow fiber membrane module using a sheet-form hollow fiber membrane having excellent cleaning properties in which the pressure resistance of a hollow fiber membrane anchor section does not deteriorate, even when the membrane area increases; a hollow fiber membrane module unit using the module; a membrane filtration device using the unit; and an operation method therefor are provided. The hollow fiber membrane module comprises sheet-form hollow fiber membranes and an anchoring member which anchors the sheet-form hollow fiber membranes in a roughly parallel manner while maintaining in an open state at least one end portion of the sheet-form hollow fiber membranes. The shape of an end face of a side of the anchoring member from which the hollow fiber membranes are exposed is roughly rectangular, and the shape of an end face of a side of the anchoring member toward which the hollow fiber membranes open is roughly circular.

Abstract: The present invention provides a gas-permeable hollow fiber membrane having an inner diameter of 50 to 500 ?m and a membrane thickness of 10 to 150 ?m, which is preferably a composite hollow fiber membrane having a three-layer structure consisting of a nonporous layer having porous layers disposed on both sides thereof. Dissolved gases present in an ink can be removed by passing the ink through the bores of hollow fibers comprising such a hollow fiber membrane, and evacuating the outer surface side of the hollow fibers. This method makes it possible not only to degas inks with a slight pressure loss, but also to degas inks stably even if pressure changes occur during degassing.

Abstract: The present invention provides a gas-permeable hollow fiber membrane having an inner diameter of 50 to 500 ?m and a membrane thickness of 10 to 150 ?m, which is preferably a composite hollow fiber membrane having a three-layer structure consisting of a nonporous layer having porous layers disposed on both sides thereof. Dissolved gases present in an ink can be removed by passing the ink through the bores of hollow fibers comprising such a hollow fiber membrane, and evacuating the outer surface side of the hollow fibers. This method makes it possible not only to degas inks with a slight pressure loss, but also to degas inks stably even if pressure changes occur during degassing.

Abstract: The present invention provides a gas-permeable hollow fiber membrane having an inner diameter of 50 to 500 &mgr;m and a membrane thickness of 10 to 150 &mgr;m, which is, preferably a composite hollow fiber membrane having a three-layer structure consisting of a nonporous layer having porous layers disposed on both sides thereof. Dissolved gases present in an ink can be removed by passing the ink through the bores of hollow fibers comprising such a hollow fiber membrane, and evacuating the outer surface side of the hollow fibers. This method makes it possible not only to degas inks with a slight pressure loss, but also to degas inks stably even if pressure changes occur during degassing.

Abstract: There is here disclosed a water treatment apparatus in which a membrane separation device is disposed above a gas diffuser device arranged in a treating tank, wherein diameters of gas discharge holes formed in the gas diffuser device are within a range of 1 to 10 mm, and a relational expression of 20<X/Y<300 is satisfied wherein X is a sectional area (cm2) of the membrane separation device in a horizontal direction, and Y is the number of the gas discharge holes of the gas diffuser device. According to this water treatment apparatus, the clogging of the pores in the surface of a separation membrane with a suspended substance can be inhibited, so that a stable filtration is possible for a long period of time.

Abstract: The present invention provides a gas-permeable hollow fiber membrane having an inner diameter of 50 to 500 &mgr;m and a membrane thickness of 10 to 150 &mgr;m, which is preferably a composite hollow fiber membrane having a three-layer structure consisting of a nonporous layer having porous layers disposed on both sides thereof. Dissolved gases present in an ink can be removed by passing the ink through the bores of hollow fibers comprising such a hollow fiber membrane, and evacuating the outer surface side of the hollow fibers. This method makes it possible not only to degas inks with a slight pressure loss, but also to degas inks stably even if pressure changes occur during degassing.

Abstract: The present invention provides a gas-permeable hollow fiber membrane having an inner diameter of 50 to 500 &mgr;m and a membrane thickness of 10 to 150 &mgr;m, which is, preferably a composite hollow fiber membrane having a three-layer structure consisting of a nonporous layer having porous layers disposed on both sides thereof. Dissolved gases present in an ink can be removed by passing the ink through the bores of hollow fibers comprising such a hollow fiber membrane, and evacuating the outer surface side of the hollow fibers. This method makes it possible not only to degas inks with a slight pressure loss, but also to degas inks stably even if pressure changes occur during degassing.