Abstract: The application relates to a cleaning system configured for cleaning of cavities filled with a liquid, including fragmentation, debridement, material removal, irrigation, disinfection, and decontamination. The cleaning system includes an electromagnetic radiation system and a liquid. A treatment handpiece irradiates the liquid within a cavity with a radiation beam, producing a first vapor bubble using first pulse, and, at a different location, a second vapor bubble using a second pulse. The pulse repetition time is adjusted to ensure efficacy, for example such that an onset time of the second vapor bubble is within the first contraction phase of the first vapor bubble, when the first vapor bubble has contracted from its maximal volume to a size in a range from about 0.7 to about 0.1 of the maximal volume.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for cleaning a cavity filled with a liquid are disclosed. An apparatus (1) for applying pulses of electromagnetic radiation to a cavity (2) filled with a liquid (3) may comprise a source (4, 4?) for generating a first pulse and a second pulse of electromagnetic radiation and a control unit (22) adapted to control a time between the first pulse and the second pulse as a function of a diameter D and/or a cross-sectional area of the cavity (2).

Abstract: The application relates to a cleaning system configured for cleaning of cavities filled with a liquid, including fragmentation, debridement, material removal, irrigation, disinfection, and decontamination. The cleaning system includes an electromagnetic radiation system and a liquid. A treatment handpiece irradiates the liquid within a cavity with a radiation beam, producing a first vapor bubble using first pulse, and, at a different location, a second vapor bubble using a second pulse. The pulse repetition time is adjusted to ensure efficacy, for example such that an onset time of the second vapor bubble is within the first contraction phase of the first vapor bubble, when the first vapor bubble has contracted from its maximal volume to a size in a range from about 0.7 to about 0.1 of the maximal volume.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are described for forming a pattern including one or more markings on a substrate. The method includes the step of forming each marking by locally heating the substrate, for example using a fibre laser. A step is also performed of monitoring the temperature of the substrate, e.g. using a temperature sensor, whilst each marking is being formed. The method may be used to form a magnetic encoder scale on a stainless steel substrate having a high content of martensitic material. The local heating causes the martensitic material to be transformed into austenitic material. An encoder scale made using the method is also described.

Abstract: The application relates to a cleaning system configured for cleaning of cavities filled with a liquid, including fragmentation, debridement, material removal, irrigation, disinfection, and decontamination. The cleaning system includes an electromagnetic radiation system and a liquid. A treatment handpiece irradiates the liquid within a cavity with a radiation beam, producing a first vapor bubble using first pulse, and, at a different location, a second vapor bubble using a second pulse. The pulse repetition time is adjusted to ensure efficacy, for example such that an onset time of the second vapor bubble is within the first contraction phase of the first vapor bubble, when the first vapor bubble has contracted from its maximal volume to a size in a range from about 0.7 to about 0.1 of the maximal volume.

Abstract: The application relates to a cleaning system configured for cleaning of cavities filled with a liquid, including fragmentation, debridement, material removal, irrigation, disinfection, and decontamination. The cleaning system includes an electromagnetic radiation system and a liquid. A treatment handpiece irradiates the liquid within a cavity with a radiation beam, producing a first vapor bubble using first pulse, and, at a different location, a second vapor bubble using a second pulse. The pulse repetition time is adjusted to ensure efficacy, for example such that an onset time of the second vapor bubble is within the first contraction phase of the first vapor bubble, when the first vapor bubble has contracted from its maximal volume to a size in a range from about 0.7 to about 0.1 of the maximal volume.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are described for forming a pattern including one or more markings on a substrate. The method includes the step of forming each marking by locally heating the substrate, for example using a fibre laser. A step is also performed of monitoring the temperature of the substrate, e.g. using a temperature sensor, whilst each marking is being formed. The method may be used to form a magnetic encoder scale on a stainless steel substrate having a high content of martensitic material. The local heating causes the martensitic material to be transformed into austenitic material. An encoder scale made using the method is also described.